Mesozoic kumwedzi. Mesozoic Era. History of Earth

Nhoroondo Nyika ine mana uye makore mabhiriyoni nehafu. Nguva iyi huru rakakamurwa asingaverengeki zvina, izvo zviri rakakamurwa eras uye nguva. Final the chechina - Phanerozoic - zvinosanganisira eras zvitatu:

• Paleozoic;
• Mesozoic;
• Cenozoic.

Nguva Mesozoic Kunoratidza pakatanga pakati dinosaurs, kuzvarwa ano biosphere uye chinokosha nenzvimbo kuchinja.

The nguva yacho Mesozoic yaitonga

Mugumo Paleozoic yaitonga pakataurwa kutsakatika mhuka. Kukura upenyu mune Mesozoic nguva kunoratidzwa ne kwaita itsva siyana zvisikwa. Chokutanga, ndiyo dinosaurs uye mangwanani mhuka.

Mesozoic kwakatora makore zana nemakumi masere nezvitanhatu miriyoni uye yaiva nguva matatu, yakadai se:

• Triassic;
• Jurassic;
• Cretaceous.

Mesozoic nguva kunoratidzwa sezvo nguva kwepasi pose. Isu takaita kuchinja mune tectonics the Earth. Panguva iyoyo chete huripo supercontinent vakarambana migove miviri, izvo vakabva rakakamurwa makondinendi, munyika nhasi.

Triassic

Triassic nguva - ndiwo Danho rokutanga Mesozoic yaitonga. Triassic It kwakatora anopfuura matatu namashanu miriyoni makore. Pashure penjodzi iyi, iyo yakaitika pamugumo wenyika Paleozoic paNyika, pane mamiriro, kwete chete inosimudzira kubudirira muupenyu. Tectonic mhosva kunoitika kondinendi Pangea akaumba anoputika uye misoro gomo.

Okunze unodziyirwa uye chakaoma, maererano iyo nyika yakaumbwa murenje uye munyu mumatunhu ari reservoirs anowedzera zvinoshamisa. Zvisinei, panguva ino varipo yaivhuvhuta vokutanga dinosaurs, mhuka neshiri. Munzira dzakawanda, ichi vakabatsira kuti kushaya vakasiyana okunze munyika dzine uye kuramba yunifomu tembiricha panyika yose.

The Fauna of Triassic

Triassic Period of Mesozoic dzinoratidzwa chinokosha shanduka hwemhuka nyika. Maiva muna Triassic nguva ane zvinenge avo, izvo gare gare vakaumba mufananidzo ano biosphere.

Cynodont akazviratidza - boka dinosaurs, ndiye tateguru wokutanga mhuka. dinosaurs aya ane mvere uye aiva vakava zvakasimba shaya kuti avabatsire vadye mbishi nyama. Cynodont vakaisa mazai, asi vanhukadzi vavo vaduku zvokudya mukaka. Muna Triassic yakatanga madzitateguru dinosaurs, pterosaurs uye makarwe ano - archosaurs.

Utachiona Vakawanda vakachinja zvakavapoteredza kuti mvura munzvimbo isina mvura okunze. Saka pane mhando itsva vaAmoni, molluscs, uyewo pfupa uye ranzi-finned hove. Asi zvikuru vagari megungwa vakanga dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya ichthyosaurs kuti sezvo shanduka akatanga kusvika yakakura zvikuru.

By kuguma Triassic, wechisikigo kusarudzwa haabvumirwi kuchengeta mhuka dzose akazviratidza, mhando dzakawanda vaisagona kukwikwidzana nevamwe, simba uye dzichimhanya. Saka, pakazopera nguva panyika inodzorwa thecodonts, madzitateguru dinosaurs.

Plants muna Triassic nguva

Nemiti yokutanga hafu Triassic haisi yakasiyana chirimwa kumugumo Paleozoic yaitonga. Mumvura vari zhinji dzakasiyana mhando algae, nyika kwakapararira mbeu ferns uye drevnehvoynye, uye kumahombekombe munzvimbo - lycopsids zvinomera.

By kuguma Triassic nyika akaviga chifukidziro herbaceous zvinomera, izvo akwanise zvikuru kwaita zvakasiyana siyana nezvipembenene. Uyewo, pane miti mesophytic boka. Sagovnikovye zvimwe zvirimwa achiripo kusvikira nhasi. It sago kumuchindwe kukura munharaunda Malay Archipelago. mhando dzakawanda zvirimwa zvikure pamusoro kumahombekombe nzvimbo nyika, uye panyika hunodzorwa Conifers.

Jurassic

Nguva iyi ndiyo vadamwa nhoroondo Mesozoic yaitonga. Jura - makomo European, randakapiwa zita kusvikira panguva ino. In makomo aya ari sediments iyoyo dzawanikwa. The Jurassic nguva rwakatora makumi mashanu mamiriyoni makore. Geographic kukosha vawana nokuda paumbwe makondinendi ano (America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica).

Kuparadzana vaviri aripo kusvikira makondinendi Laurasia uye Gondwana aiva nokuumbwa bays itsva uye mumakungwa uye kurera yose gungwa mumatunhu. Izvi kubatsirawo pamusoro ekunze kwePasi, zvichiita kunaya. Mhepo tembiricha panyika kunoderedza uye akava kunyorerana vakadzikama uye subtropical mumamirire ekunze. kuchinja kwakadaro okunze vakabatsira zvikuru kukura uye kuvandudzika pamusoro kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Mhuka uye miti Jurassic nguva

Jurassic nguva - the Nguva dinosaurs. Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvipenyu uyewo vakashanduka uye akatora itsva siyana uye marudzi. Gungwa kuti nguva vakazara invertebrates zhinji, chivakwa muviri iyo zvikuru dzakabudirira pane Triassic. The ubiquity vakagamuchira bivalves uye vnutrirakovinnye belemnites, wakareba rinosvika mamita matatu.

Nyika rezvipembenene vagamuchirawo shanduka kukura. The kwaita maruva zvinomera uye vakakuvadza kwaita pollinating nezvipembenene. Kune mhando itsva cicadas, zvipembenene, dragonflies uye zvimwe yenyika nezvipembenene.

Climatic kuchinja Jurassic zvakaguma kunonyengedza kunayisa. Izviwo, chamuita kuti kupararira zvakasvibirira zvinomera panyika pevhu. Kuchamhembe bhandi nyika dzaitongwa herbaceous zvinomera paportnikovye uye Ginkgo. Southern mapazi vaiva muti ferns uye Cycads. Uyezve, nyika yakanga yazara siyana Conifers, uye kordaitovye sagovnikovye zvinomera.

Dawn of dinosaurs

Mugore Jurassic nguva Mesozoic zvinokambaira yakasvika dzavo shanduka yepamusorosoro, ushering Munguva dinosaurs. Mumakungwa kwose nesimba hofori ichthyosaurs uye plesiosaurs delfinooobraznye. Kana ichthyosaurs vaiva vagari chete hwemvura zvakatipoteredza, plesiosaurs kubvira nguva nenguva inodiwa landfall.

Dinosaurs vanogara panyika, vari zvinoorora kusiyana kwavakaita. hukuru hwavo ranged kubva 10 masendimita kusvika matatu metres, ndikamuyerera navo matani makumi mashanu. Pakati pavo vari hunodzorwa herbivorous shiri, asi pane kunotyisa nezvikara. A kuwanda mhuka chagumbura paumbwe herbivores zvimwe zvinhu kudzivirira: chenjera mahwendefa, yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, uye vamwe.

Airspace akazadzwa Jurassic dinosaurs, vanokwanisa kubhururuka. Kunyange zvazvo ndege vaifanira kukwira gomo. Pterodactyls nevamwe pterosaurs vapinde packs it uye vakaronga pasi dzichitsvaka zvokudya.

Cretaceous

Kana uchisarudza zita rakatevera nguva iye wakaita basa guru, zvichiguma emadhaka kufira invertebrates, achinyora nesuko. A nguva anonzi Cretaceous aiva wokupedzisira ari Mesozoic yaitonga. Iyi yakatora makore mamiriyoni makumi masere.

The zvichiguma makondinendi itsva kutama, uye tectonics Nyika iri kuramba kutora chimiro zvaizivikanwa murume ano. Okunze akava kutonhora zvikuru panguva vakaumba ino chando nguwani nezasi nematanda. Uyewo, pane nokupesana okunze dzinodengenyeka panyika. Asi kunopindirana ezvinhu akaramba kudziya zvakakwana, vakabatsirwa inokudza maturo.

Biosphere Cretaceous

Mvura yakaramba ichishanduka uye kuparadzira belemnites uye dzemugungwa, gungwa urchins Vari kwakatanga uye wokutanga dzemugungwa.

Uyezve reservoirs zviri kushingaira kutanga tverdokostnym hove marangwanda. mberi zvikuru zvipembenene nehonye. On nyika chakatowedzera uwandu vertebrates, kusanganisira kutungamirira nzvimbo inogarwa zvinokambaira nezvinokambaira. Vari uchipinda yokuita zvinoitwa zvinomera panyika uye kuparadza mumwe. Munguva Cretaceous nguva paiva nyoka yokutanga kuti aigara mumvura nepanyika. Shiri vakatanga kubuda mukunopera Jurassic nguva, pakati choko kwakapararira uye kushingaira kukura.

Rinonyanya dzakabudirira miti maruva. Spore miriwo yakafanira kuti kupararira zvinoitwa kufa kunze, achipa nzira kupfuura mberi. Panoperera iyi, gymnosperms vakashanduka yekudyidzana uye tigove ne angiosperms.

The kuguma Mesozoic yaitonga

Nhoroondo Nyika ine mbiri dambudziko yose, waimira sezvo vakawanda kutsakatika Fauna of nyika. Chokutanga, Perm njodzi yakanga kutanga Mesozoic yaitonga, uye wechipiri akacherekedza nokuguma kwayo. Yakatotsakatika mhando dzakawanda vachishingaira rakavapo muna Mesozoic. Mugore hwemvura ezvinhu havasisipo vaAmoni belemnites, bivalves. Gone ndivo dinosaurs nezvimwe nezvinokambaira zhinji. Uyewo zvirimwa zvakawanda shiri nezvipembenene.

To musi hapana nekusimba pfungwa yokuti kwaiva incitement kune vakawanda kutsakatika fauna of ari Cretaceous munguva. Pane shanduro inokanganisa ari girinihausi maturo, kana mwaranzi anokonzerwa simba yepasi pose kuputika. Asi nyanzvi dzakawanda vanowanzomuitira kudavira kuti mhaka kutsakatika raiva asteroid hofori kukura, iyo kana akadonhera pasi paNyika unomutswa pave zvakawanda zvinhu vakaatsinzina kwavo nyika kubva zuva.