Medieval China: kutanga kwenhoroondo yeumambo hukuru.

Izwi rokuti "mhiri kweChina" haringazikanwi zvakanaka kana richienzaniswa neWestern Europe, kubva munhoroondo yenyika kwakanga kusina kuparadzanisa zvakajeka kuva nguva. Iyo inowanzofungidzirwa kuti yakatanga muzana remakore rechitatu BC kubva pakutonga kweQin Dynasty uye yakagara makore anopfuura zviuru zviviri kusvika pakuguma kweMambo weKing.

Umambo hweQin, huri hudiki huno huri kuchamhembe-kumavirazuva kwenyika, hwakakonzera nzvimbo dzeumambo huwandu kumaodzanyemba nekumadokero kwemiganhu, kutsvaga zvinangwa zvematongerwe enyika zvakajeka zvinoda kusimbisa simba. Muna 221 BC pakanga pane kubatana kwenyika, izvi zvisati zvaitika kune dzakawanda dzakapararira nzvimbo dzepasi uye mune zvakaitika kare inonzi "China yekare". Nhoroondo kubva panguva ino yakaenda nenzira yakasiyana-yekuvandudzwa kwenyika itsva yakabatana yeChinese.

Qin ndiyo yaive yakanyanyisa pakunamata pakati peHondo dzeAmerica uye nehondo yakasimba zvikuru. Ying Zheng, anozivikanwa semutongi wekutanga weQin Shihuandi, akakwanisa kubatanidza China uye akashandura kuti ive nyika yekutanga yekutanga nemukuru we Xianyang (pedyo neguta remazuva ano re Xi'an), achigumisa nguva yeWarring Kingdoms, iyo yakagara makore mazana emakore. Zita iro mambo waakatora kwaari raive rakafanana nezita reumwe wezvinyorwa zvakakosha uye zvakakosha zvezvenhau uye nhoroondo yenyika - Huangdi kana kuti Yellow Emperor. Sezvo akabudisa zita rake, Ying Zheng akakurudzira mukurumbira wake zvikuru. "Tiri isu Mambo wekutanga, uye vagari venhaka vedu vachazivikanwa saMambo weChipiri, wechitatu weMambo, nezvimwe zvakadaro muzvikamu zvisingagumi zvezvizvarwa," akadaro. Medieval China muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo inowanzonzi "nguva yeumambo."

Panguva yekutonga kwake, Qin Shihuandi akapfuurira kuwedzera humambo hwacho Kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba, pakupedzisira kusvika kumiganhu yeVietnam. Umambo hukuru hwakakamurwa kuva makumi matatu nematanhatu Jun (maguta ehondo), ayo aibatanidzwa pamwe chete nevabati vehurumende nevatungamiriri veuto vaitungamirirana. Iyi sarudzo yakashanda semuenzaniso wehurumende dzose dzeDynastic muChina kusvika pakuwa kweMambo weQing muna 1911.

Madzimambo okutanga haana kungobatana chete pakati pekuMiddle China. Akashandura mutauro weChinese, achigadzira fomu yavo itsva sehurumende yekunyora hurongwa (vazhinji vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti ichi ndicho chakakosha zvikuru kuchinja kwezvose), akafananidza nzira yezviyero nezviyero munyika yose. Ichi chaive chiitiko chinokosha chekusimbisa kushandiswa kwemukati kweumambo hwakabatana, rimwe nerimwe raive nemitemo yake. Munguva yekutonga kweQin Dynasty (221-206 BC), zvikoro zvakawanda zvefilosofi, izvo dzidziso dzacho zvakasiyana-siyana dzakapesana nemafungiro eumambo, dzakarambidzwa. Muna 213 BC mabasa ose aiva nemafungiro akadai, kusanganisira mabasa aConfucius, akapiswa kunze kwemakopi akachengetwa muImperial Library. Vatsvakurudzi vazhinji vanobvumirana nemashoko okuti yaiva munguva ye Qin Dynasty kuti zita reumambo rakabuda - China.

Zviratidzo zvenguva iyoyo zvinowanikwa pasi rese. Munguva yezvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo panzvimbo yekuviga yekutanga mambo weChina (kwete kure neHi'an), yakatanga muna 1974, zvinopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu zvematracotta (varwi, mabhiza) zvakawanikwa. Vaimiririra hondo huru yakachengetedza guva ra Qin Shihuandi. Hondo yeTracotta yakave imwe yezvinhu zvikuru uye zvinonakidza zvekuchera matongo kuChina. Mukurondedzera kwezvakanyorwa, kuvigwa kweumambo kwakarondedzerwa sechidimbu cheumambo hwake neyeredzi dzakanyorwa padenga, nekuyerera nzizi dzakagadzirwa kubva kune mercury. Qin Shihuandi anorumbidzwa nekusika Guru Guru reChina. Munguva yeQin, masvingo akawanda edziviriro akavakwa pamuganhu wekumusoro.

Pakati peMedhia China yakatanga kuderera nekuwedzera kweEuropean opium trade, iyo ndiyo yaiva iyo yekukonzera kuparara mumasangano uye pakupedzisira yakatungamirira ku opium hondo (1840-1842, 1856-1860).