Mashoko okutodza. Non-homologous uye homologous okutodza.

Okutodza - ndiye STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka zvinhu masero dzevanhu dzine magene. The chikwata Sero vanoverengeka mashoko anokwanisa kuti kupendwa panguva muchitokisi weboka. Okutodza zvinoumbwa pematanda, tambo, zvishwe, etc .. By kureba kwayo, zvinhu izvi zviri yakavhenganiswa. Zvinosanganisira mumwe centromere, pfupi uye refu ruoko, constriction chesekondari, Satellite, shinda spindles, chromonemata. Location of chikamu ichocho chromosome sezvo centromere, zvakunoita chii chichava chimiro chairo kubatana muchitokisi mutsetse. Kuri kuti chikamu ichi riri pamugumo STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka maatomu akafanana, zviri tsvimbo serin'i. Kuwana chikamu dzakadai centromere pakati kwakabatsira sei kuti mashoko okutodza anotora chimiro zvakaenzana-panhengo. Kana akakodzera chikamu iri laterally kubva pakati, kuti STRUCTURAL-yaishandiswa maatomu akafanana anova yakasiyana Pin pamafudzi.

Kazhinji, pane 4 mhando chromosome mamiriro. Wokutanga mhando ndivo telotsentricheskie STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka okunze. Second - acrocentric (ruoko wechipiri ipfupi chaizvo uye anenge imperceptible). Wechitatu mhando vari submetacentric okutodza, pezvakaita iyo afanane tsamba "L". Pakupedzisira, mhando chechina - metacentric. Okutodza kwakadai vanonzi mapfudzi, izvo vakaenzana pakureba. Mukuwedzera kwakadaro zvinhu tsamba napomminayut uye panguva imwe chete chiratidzo chokukunda "V".

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumwe nomumwe nucleated somatic sero munhu rine makumi maviri nezvitatu majoko okutodza, zviri Linear. Uyezve, pane vazhinji emakopi mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Kuchitaura mashoko mashomanana nezvebonde STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka zvinhu masero dzevanhu. It Y- uye X-chromosome. Wokutanga rine anenge 58 nechigadziko mbiri, 78 anotakura majini uye nokudaro ane mukuru mutation mwero nokuda nharaunda umo riri. Ichi pabonde chromosome anokwanisa kutapukira chete kuburikidza urume. Ivowo, inozviisa akawandisa muchitokisi mapoka kuitika panguva gametogenesis. Isa dzisingaoneki - nayo vysokookislitelnaya Wednesday manhu, anotokonya amplification muitiro akadai kusachinja. The chromosome yechipiri ine vanenge mamiriyoni 150 yegwara nitrogenous zvigadziko. Rine majini anenge 1400. Varume vane imwe X- uye mumwe Y-chromosome. Vakadzi vane "yakatarwa" zvakasiyana. Vane mbiri X-okutodza. Mumwe wavo anoenda musikana kubva amai, uye umwe nhaka kubva mai baba vangu, kuti, mbuya kudivi yababa vake.

Kazhinji pane mibvunzo pamusoro okutodza dzinonzi homologous uye non-homologous. Mhinduro iri sezvinotevera. Saka, pane homologous okutodza. peya Uyu STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka zvinhu vari muchitokisi diploid. Homologous okutodza zvisingapindirani kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo akabva mumwe uye kubva mumwe mubereki. Kwakadaro zvinhu vane zvakafanana nucleotide kutevedzana pamusoro yose kureba. Izvi zvinoreva kuti homologous okutodza vane majini ayo yakarongwa chete kutevedzana,. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nokudzidza nyaya dzakadai zvichiratidza kwete chete, asiwo kubatsira chaizvo muupenyu, nokuti muviri wake nani kuziva napo.

Zvinofanira akawedzera kuti homologous okutodza ndichingofunga kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuva tselotsentricheskimi, submetacentric, acrocentric, metacentric. Non-homologous okutodza ane majini kuti vari dissimilar. Uyezve, izvi zvayakaita haana conjugated dzichipfekeka okunze panguva meiosis. Non-homologous okutodza vakazvimiririra kuita tichibatanidza muchitokisi. Izvi nekusimba panguva kudzidza nhaka unhu. Uyewo, mashoko aya rwaiwanikwa kuburikidza zvakananga cytology nzira.

Mashoko akanyorwa nechepamusoro kuchabatsira kuti nzwisiso pamusoro okutodza zvavo.