Kuzvibata kwakakodzera

Sangano rakadaro resainzi, sekuongorora chemistry, rinodzidza kuumbwa nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari. Inoshandiswa kudzidza chimiro chisingazivikanwi kana kusanganiswa. Kufananidzira kuongorora kunobvumira kutsvaga kuvepo kana kusavapo kwezvinhu kana kuti radicals muikemikari inowanikwa, uye kuongororwa kwehuwandu kunosanganisira kusarudzwa kwemakemikari mumuenzaniso wokuenzaniswa uri kuongororwa, kureva, nhamba yezvikamu zvemuvhenganiswa. Nokuda kwehutano, kukanganisa kwemakemikari kune zvimwe zvikamu izvo zviri nyore kuita zvinoshandiswa. Kuzvibata kwakakodzera kunobvumira kuchengeta migumisiro inotarisirwa kana kusavapo kwavo.

Kemikari yekuongorora inobatanidzwa pakuvandudza hutsva uye kuvandudza nzira dziripo dzekuongorora, kushandiswa kwezvakanaka, pamwe nekudzidza nheyo dzedzidziso yekuongorora maitiro. Nyanzvi munharaunda iyi dzine chikemikari, muviri uye physicochemical nzira yekuongorora. Zvizhinji zvezvo zvinotarisana nehutano hwehutano hunoshandiswa pakuona radicals nezvimwewo, pamwe chete nemakemikari anoita samples pasi pekudzidza. Kudzidza huwandu hwehupamhi uye huwandu hunoshanda:

• Elementary analysis (elemental composition yakatemwa);
• Molecular analysis (chimiro chemakemikari makemikari pa molecular level inosimbiswa);
• Kugadziriswa kwechimiro (imwe yemhando dzema molecular analysis, inotsvaga maitiro emukati yeatomu nemamolekoro, ma molecular masses uye empirical formulamu);
• Basa rinoshandiswa (michina inogadziriswa inodzidziswa neboka rinoshanda).

Nokudaro, zvose zvinokonzerwa nemasikirini uye zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu zvinogona kuonekwa. Muhupo hwezvinhu zvakasarudzwa, ruvara runogona kuonekwa kana rwanyangarika, kukonzera kunogona kusunungurwa kana kuparara, gasi dzemhepo uye zvakadaro zvinogona kuonekwa. Kana kusarudzwa kwehutano kwakasarudzwa zvakanaka, ndiko kusarudza (kusarudza) maererano nekatei kana anion, uyewo kunyanya kunzwisisika (kureva kuti, kuvhara kwechidziro kunobvumira zvishoma kuti zvigadziriswe), chigumisiro chichava chikonzero chakavimbika -kugumisa pamusoro pekuvapo kana kusipo mune muenzaniso wechinhu kana chinhu . Iyi kuongororwa kweaqueous solutions inobva pakuzivikanwa kwehutoni hunoonekwa.

Nokuda kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa, zvinowanzowanzoitika mumagetsi anogadzirisa, asi munyaya yealkali metal cations, kuonekwa kunowanikwa nokuwedzera mashizha akaoma kusvika pakati (kunotyisa) chikamu chemuriro wewaini. Lithium cations (Li +) inopenya ruvara mumucheka mutsvuku. Potassium cations (K +) - mumhepo yakachena, sodium (Na +) - iri mutsvuku, rubidium (Rb +) - mune tsvuku, cesium (Cs +) - mune cyan. Maitiro ekufananidzira kune cations anogona kuitwa nokuda kweyamuum salts: kuvapo kwebarium cations (Ba2 +) inogadzirwa nekuwedzera kwechigadziriswa nema sulphate ions (SO42-), sezvo iyo yakaitwa barium sulphate inopinda mumuchena mutsvuku iyo isingagumi muicidid: Ba2 + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Kuvapo kwekutungamira cations (Pb2 +) kunoonekwa kana sarudzo yakanyanyisa yemunyu inotaridzirwa sulfide (S2-), zvichiita kuti kuumbwa kweutungamiri sulphide, iyo inoita sechinhu chinopenya mutsvuku: Pb2 + + S2- → PbS ↓. Pane zvakawanda zvakadai zvinozivikanwa zvakagadzirisa maitiro kune cations uye anions, uye zvinotsanangurwa mukuongorora machemia.

Paunosarudza maitiro ekuedza kuenzanisa samuenzaniso, zvinobatsira kuziva mitemo yakawanda yekusagadzikana kwemakemikari akabatanidzwa:

1. Zvose nitrate zvakasanganiswa.
2. Zvinenge zvose saliti ye potassium, sodium uye ammonium inogadzikana.
3. Zvose ma kloridhi, bromidhi uye iodides zvakasvibiswa, kunze kwesirivha, mercury (I) uye mutungamiri (II) halides.
4. Zvose sulfates zvinosvibiswa, kunze kwebarium, strontium uye kutungamirira (II) sulfates , izvo zvisingasviki, uye calcium uye sirivheri sulfates zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa.
5. Zvose carbonates, sulfites uye phosphates hazvina kusvibiswa kunze kweka carbonates, sulfites uye phosphates ye potassium, sodium uye ammonium.
6. Zvose sulfide hazvina kushandiswa, kunze kwei alkali yesimbi sulfide , alkaline pasi simbi uye ammonium.
7. Zvose hydroxides hazvina kushandiswa kunze kwea alkali metal hydroxide. Strontium hydroxide, calcium uye barium inonyanya kusanganiswa.

Zvisikwa zvinokonzerwa nemarkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) kana alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) zvinogona kuonekwa nechinangwa che potassium permanganate, iyo inotanga kushandura haina kuchinja maruva ayo, sezvo mafuta eparafini ane permanganate asingaiti mumvura. Muchiitiko chechipiri, mhinduro yacho inodonhedzwa nekuda kweWagner reaction (somuenzaniso, neEthylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. Somugumisiro, kunyura kwemanganese dioxide kunowanikwa, iyo ine ruvara rweruvara. Mapuroteni akaoma makemikari evanhu anovimbisa basa rinokosha rehupenyu hupi zvayo. Nhamba yavo yakawanda, tsanangudzo yavo inokosha zvikuru. Nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi, maitiro ekufananidzira kune mapuroteni anoshandiswa, anogoverwa kuva muvara uye zita. Nekubatsira kwavo, kwete mapuroteni ivo pachavo vakatsunga, asi amino acids anoita kuumbwa kwavo.