Polyols: characterization, kugadzirira uye kushandiswa

Alcohols hwokurara yeHydrocarbon mamorekuru umo mumwe kana kupfuura rehydrogen maatomu pedyo kuti zvine kabhoni atomu iri kuchiiswa rimwe hydroxy boka - OH. Zvinonzi experimentally akaratidza kuti uwandu doro hydroxyls ari Morekuru havagoni pakuwanda yeHydrocarbon maatomu. Zvichienderana ari kukuru, kusiyanisa acyclic (aliphatic) uye cyclic alcohols; maererano nokuwanda hydroxyl mapoka, - mono-, va-, tri- uye polyhydric alcohols; saturation - zvine uye unsaturated; Nzvimbo localization ane hydroxyl boka iri yeHydrocarbon cheni - chikuru, yechipiri uye tertiary alcohols.

Polyhydric alcohols - nomukaka zviri alkanes mu mamorekuru pamwe rehydrogen maatomu anopfuura matatu inotsiviwa hydroxy - OH. Nokuti polyhydric alcohols sezvo nomukaka zviri monosaccharides hwokuratidza isomerism uye Manyiminya isomerism chinzvimbo yeHydrocarbon cheni OH boka. Optical isomerism chokuita nemano dzimwe mapoka Organic zvinhu zviri mhinduro kuratidza Manyiminya basa. Optical basa zvinhu akatsunga kushandisa polarimeter.

Qualitative maitiro pamusoro polyols

The inonyanya kwomusikirwo Qualitative polyols ndiyo kudyidzana kwavo emhangura hydroxide. Panguva zvakaitwa hydroxide urwa, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe chelate kunzwisisa pepuru.

Polyols: huru vamiririri

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alcohols (OH) 4 inonzi tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (OH) 5 - pentitami, hexahydric alcohols S6N8 (OH) 6 - hexitols. In nerimwe boka akadaro kusiyanisa nomumwe alcohols zvine mazita wenhau: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, etc.

Preparation polyalcohols

alcohols aya synthesized ne rutapudzo pamusoro monosaccharides, ari condensation pamusoro aldehydes pamwe formaldehyde iri alkaline svikiro. Kakawanda, polyhydric alcohols kugadzirirwa kubva dzinongoitika mbishi zvinhu. Vamwe alcohols zvikaramba kubva mugomo dota zvibereko.

Polyhydric alcohols - optically kushingaira remubatanidzwa chaizvo soluble mumvura. The vaIri uye UV spectra vane Absorção de Água evapambi kwese OH mapoka ose monohydric alcohols. Chemical ehupfumi kuti alcohols nokuda pamberi OH mapoka. In zvakaitwa yeimwe ava pasi alkaline nesimbi vakaumba alcoholates - saccharate. Mune oxidation pamusoro hydroxyl riri vemunyika pedyo rokutanga kabhoni atomu (C1) vari vakaumba monosaccharides.

Polyols: huru vamiririri

Erythritol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - crystalline fuma inonyunguduka pa 121,5 ° C. The pamusoro doro iri lichens uye mosses. Erythritol kunogona kuwanikwa nokuda kuzoita 1,3-butadiene uye erythrose. Akati doro rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi putika yeimwe, anokurumidza nokuomesa inks, emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - zvinozipa crystals, nyore soluble nemvura, akanyauka ari tembiricha kuti 61.5 inegumi. The pamusoro doro kunogona synthesized nokuda rutapudzo kuti xylose. Xylitol kushandiswa yaigadzira zvokudya iri zvaAtemisi zvekudya kuti chirwere cheshuga, uyewo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu alkyd Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, vachiyanikira anonhuwirira, uye surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - zvikukutu havaratidzi soluble mumvura. Yaunganidzwa zvokuverengera formaldehyde pamwe acetaldehyde pamberi Ca (OH) 2. Rinoshandiswa nenzira zvaAtemisi polyesters, alkyd Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers nokuda polyvinyl chloride, chakaita zvokugadzirwa anonhuwirira. Zvinoratidza marwadzo ehupfumi.

Mannitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - inotapira kuravira fuma inonyunguduka pa 165 inegumi. Yaiva mosses, notumwe tupukanana algae, zvirimwa kwirirei. Ndikarangarira kuva diuretic uye somunhu wemafuta zvizorwa zvigadzirwa (nezvizoro).

D-Sorbitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - inonyunguduka pa 96 inegumi. The doro mupfumi zvibereko gomo nedota. Sorbitol inotengwa iri kuderera kwemitambo shuga. Vakati doro chinhu zvenguva chigadzirwa ari kwetunhu vhitamini C, zvinoratidza diuretic chiito, aishandiswa kutsiva sucrose chirwere cheshuga.