Dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. kukura kwayo kubva kare kusvika chipo

Dzidziso yemhindumupindu - Verengai pfungwa dzose nezvemitemo, ivo zvigadziriswe kuchinja kuitika makemikari hunhu. Maererano naye, zvose aivapo panguva ino, mhando dzose zvinenge wakaburuka kubva "hama" dzavo kure zvechigarire. Zvinonzi kuongorora nzira iyo pane Kugadzirwa nomumwe zvipenyu (ontogeny), anoongorora kuvandudzwa coherent mapoka zvipenyu (phylogeny) kwavo kwadzakabva.

Shanduka dzidziso ine midzi kare, apo zvakasikwa, vazivi weGirisi yekare uye Roma (Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) vakaratidza zvekungofungira dzavo pamusoro kukura uye kuchinja zvinenge. Zvisinei, mhedziso iyi havana kwakavakirwa pazivo nesayenzi uye aiva mutambi zvainoziva nechokwadi guesswork. KuMiddle Ages kukura dzidziso iyi yakanga mira. Izvi zvakanga nokuda kutonga muchitendero dzidziso uye scholasticism. Saka, munyika yechiKristu kwenguva refu Ndairaramira creationist maonero. Pasinei neizvi, dzimwe nyanzvi vakaratidza pfungwa dzavo nezvokuvapo zvikara, sezvinoratidzwa zvakabudiswa vaiva zvisaririra.

In nedanho kuunganidza zvinhu muzana remakore rechi18, mumwe muitiro mutsva - transformism umo takadzidza variability kwazvakaita. Vamiririri dzidziso vaiva nyanzvi dzakadai J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. Dzavo shanduka dzidziso sezvo uchapupu akanga zvinhu zviviri: nokuvapo Transitional siyana interspecific zvakafanana. sechivako nemhuka uye zvirimwa zviri chete boka. Zvisinei, hapana nhamba idzi havana aitaura pamusoro pezvikonzero kuchinja.

Yakanga chete muna 1809 paiva dzidziso shanduka kubva Lamarck, waiva Kwairatidza mubhuku "Uzivi pamusoro Zoologie". Pano mubvunzo zvezvinokonzera kuchinja rudzi yakatanga akamutswa. Aidavira kuti nemhaka kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchinja pachako mhando. Uyezve, iye akapinda gradation, i.e. Kuchinja kubva repasi kusvikira kwakakwirira. Ichi kukura shanduka zvichienderana Lamarck, kuri pakurarama zvose uye unobva chido pakukwana.

Observation zvakasikwa hwamuita kuti chikuru zvokudya maviri izvo zvinoratidzwa mutemo "neuprazhneniya -. Maekisesaizi" Sezvazvakanyorwamo, mitumbi dzinokudziridzwa sezvo vari kushandiswa, ipapo kuenda "nhaka zvakanaka ehupfumi", i.e., yakanaka zviratidzo kugashidzanwa chizvarwa nechizvarwa mune ramangwana, kana kukura kwavo zviri kuitika, kana kuti apere. Zvisinei, basa Lamarck haana akaonga munyika zvesayenzi, uchigere zvakabudisa bhuku Darwin "Musi Origin of Species." Kupiwa kwake nharo vachida shanduka akaita mukurumbira zvikuru. Zvisinei, musayendisiti aiva mutsigiri heritability ose vawana unhu. Zvisinei, pane kupesana zvaiva zvokuti vose vakabatsira kuti kumutsidzirwa Lamarckism Lamarckism.

Just nguva yakawanda, yokutsvakurudza zvipenyu kwakaita kuti chii akazviratidza munhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa nedzidziso yemhindumupindu. (SHE). Harina musi zvakajeka mavambo uye munyori uye ndiro basa seboka masayendisiti. Pasinei nokuti vanyori vane yakawanda zvakasiyana, vamwe zvokudya hakusi mubvunzo: zvepakutanga chairema yemhindumupindu chinomirirwa vomunzvimbo; mashoko shanduka kukura ndivo recombination uye mutation variability; chikuru chikonzero pokumuka adaptations zvechisikigo vakasarudzwa; kwazvakarerekera zviratidzo zviri kuumbwa nokuda magene vasakukurwa uye dzimwe urongwa.

Pari, vakawanda masayendisiti vanoshandisa shoko rokuti "ano shanduka pfungwa." It hakurevi vanzwisise shanduka uye panguva imwe chete zvayo chikuru harizi kuti icho change saltatsionnye chinjana pamwe zvishoma nezvishoma.