Kushandiswa renyukireya: matambudziko uye tarisiro

Kushandiswa kwakapararira renyukireya akatanga kuonga mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi kwete chete muchiuto mumunda, asi chinangwa chokuunza runyararo. Nhasi unogona kuita pasina yacho indasitiri, simba uye mishonga.

Zvisinei, kushandisa renyukireya haana chete zvakanakira asiwo zvazvakaipira. Kutanga, zviri njodzi nemwaranzi, zvose vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza.

Kushandiswa renyukireya riri kuwedzera kumativi maviri: kushandiswa simba uye kushandisa radioactive isotopes.

Pakutanga, simba renyukireya kuti kushandiswa chete zvinangwa zvechiuto, uye vose kukura kuenda mirayiridzo iyi.

Kushandiswa renyukireya zvechiuto

Vakawanda zvikuru vanoshingaira zambara kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Maererano nenyanzvi, renyukireya warheads ane matani wandei plutonium.

zvombo zvenyukireya vanoonekwa kuti zvombo zvinoparadza, nokuti pave kuparadzwa rakakura nzvimbo.

The nharaunda chiito uye mutariri simba zvombo zvenyukireya rakakamurwa:

• Tactical.
• Operational uye tactical.
• Strategic.

zvombo zvenyukireya vari rakakamurwa mabhomba uye rehydrogen. Based zvombo zvenyukireya unguided akaisa rinorema ngetani fission pamusoro nuclei uye zvakaitwa pakati Fusion. Nokuti cheni maitiro achishandisa uranium exchange kana plutonium.

Storage akadai yakawanda ngozi zvinhu - ichi chinotyisidzira guru chavanhu. Uye kushandisa renyukireya kuti zvinangwa zvechiuto kunogona zvakakomba.

Kokutanga zvombo zvenyukireya dzaishandiswa muna 1945 kuti kurwisa Japanese maguta paHiroshima neNagasaki. Migumisiro kurwisa uku kwave nemafashamo. Sezvaunoziva, ichi chaiva kushandiswa kutanga uye wokupedzisira renyukireya muhondo.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

IAEA hwakagadzwa muna 1957 kusimudzira pamwe pakati penyika mbiri mumunda renyukireya chinangwa chokuunza runyararo. Kubvira pakutanga chaipo, sangano iri pakutevedzera purogiramu musi "Nuclear kuchengeteka uye kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza."

Asi chinonyanya kukosha basa - nayo kudzora pamusoro nyika mabasa mumunda yenyukireya. The sangano anofanira nechokwadi kuti kukura uye kushandisa renyukireya riri chinangwa chokuunza runyararo chete.

Chinangwa chirongwa ichi - kuitira kushandiswa yakachengeteka zvenyukireya simba, kudzivirira vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza nemwaranzi chokupfeka. The sangano akanga achiparidza kudzidza migumisiro yacho paChernobyl tsaona.

The sangano zvakare inotsigira pakutsvakurudza kukura uye kushandisa renyukireya chinangwa chokuunza runyararo uye anoita se murevereri iri kupanana mabasa uye zvinhu pakati penhengo nesangano.

Pamwechete United Nations IAEA rinorondedzera uye anogadza zvinodiwa mumunda vakachengeteka uye utano.

renyukireya

In yechipiri yezana forties remakore rechimakumi maviri, masayendisiti Soviet akatanga kuva drafts pamusoro pevara rugare pakati atomu wokutanga. Chikuru muupenyu zviitiko izvi aiva magetsi.

Uye muna 1954, Soviet Union akavaka yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika. Shure kwaizvozvo Kuwedzera zvenyukireya simba zvirongwa makatanga kukudziridza muUnited States, Great Britain, Germany uye France. Asi vakawanda vavo havana rakatangwa. Somugumisiro, simba renyukireya zvirimwa vasingagoni kukwikwidzana nhepfenyuro kuti vanomhanya pamusoro marasha, gasi uye mafuta emotokari.

Asi pashure nokutambudzika simba dambudziko pose uye kuwedzera mutengo mafuta pazuva renyukireya kwokudiwa akakura. In 70-ies wekupedzisira remakore, nyanzvi vaidavira kuti simba rose renyukireya simba miti uchagona kutsiva hafu.

Pakati pezana remakore 80s kukura simba renyukireya akaita seiyi zvakare, shit akatanga kuongorora zvirongwa kuvaka simba zvenyukireya zvitsva zvirimwa. It kwaitsigirwa kuva mutemo simba zveruponiso uye kuderera mitengo mafuta uye njodzi panguva paChernobyl chirimwa, akanga zvakaipa kwete chete nokuda Ukraine.

Pashure pezvose, dzimwe nyika vakarega kuvaka uye kushanda simba renyukireya zvinomera.

Nuclear simba nokuda muchadenga mishoni

Mune nzvimbo kubhururuka anopfuura matatu gumi nembiri zvenyukireya reactors, vari kushandiswa simba.

Kokutanga imwe reactor yenyukireya inoshandiswa muchadenga, vokuAmerica muna 1965. The mafuta akashandiswa uranium exchange-235. Akashanda kwemazuva 43.

MuSoviet Union iri reactor "Daisy" kwakatangwa muna Institute of Atomic Energy. Its vakafunga kuti kushandiswa pamusoro chitundumusere-musere pamwe yeplasma injini. Asi pashure zvose miedzo haisati raparurwa muchadenga.

Next chirimwa yenyukireya "MABHUKU" rakashandisirwa radar ushori Satellite. The chikwata chokutanga kwakatangwa muna 1970 kubva Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Nhasi, "Roskosmos" uye "Rosatom" pa kuvaka spaceship, izvo zvichaita kuti vakagadzirira pamwe yenyukireya chitundumuseremusere injini uye uchakwanisa kuenda Moon uye Mars. Asi zvakadaro kure zviri zvose zviri pfungwa rwakazara.

Kushandiswa renyukireya riri indasitiri

simba Nuclear chinoshandiswa kuwedzera aikanganiswa ari kuongorora makemikari uye kugadzirwa amoniya, hydrogen nemamwe makemikari, iyo inoshandiswa pagadzirwe fetiraiza.

Renyukireya, iro rinoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri unobereka itsva zvine maatomu akafanana, rinobatsira vakiridza kwemasayendisiti kuti kuitika goko paNyika.

Nokuti desalination mvura munyu uye renyukireya inoshandiswa. Kushandiswa ari simbi indasitiri runoita kuti kuwanazve simbi kubva simbi mhangura. Ruvara - kushandiswa pakugadzira aruminiyamu.

Kushandiswa renyukireya mune zvokurima

Kushandiswa renyukireya mune zvokurima anopedza dambudziko kusarudzwa uye inobatsira mukurwisa zvipukanana.

Nuclear simba rinoshandiswa kuti chimiro kunotouraya vari mbeu. Izvi zvinoitwa kuwana mhando itsva kuti munowedzera goho uye chirwere nemishonga zvirimwa. Saka, anopfuura hafu gorosi dzabudapo Italy kuti kugadzirwa Pasta, akanga pacharo nokuda mutation.

Uyewo tichibatsirwa radioisotopes kuona nzira yakanakisisa kwokushandisa fetiraiza. Somuenzaniso, kuzvishandisa kuona kuti mupunga kurimwa kunogona kuderedzwa kushanda senitrogen fetiraiza. Izvi achaponesa kwete chete mari, asi kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza.

A zvishoma wokumwe kushandisa renyukireya - zviri kugara zvipembenene mazana. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti vazviise zvakatipoteredza noushamwari. Muchiitiko chino, tumbuyu akazviratidza kubva irradiated mazana vasina vana, asi zvimwe zvakajairika.

mushonga yenyukireya

Medicine anoshandisa radioactive isotopes kuti kuongororwa zvakarurama. Medical isotopes vane pfupi hafu-upenyu uye asingauyi kupa chero nezveimwe ngozi vamwe, uye nokuda murwere.

Chimwe kushandisa renyukireya mune zvokurapa wakashamira achangobva. Izvi positron achine tomography. Inogona kushandiswa kuziva kenza chichiri kutanga.

Kushandiswa renyukireya riri senga

Mukutanga 50-ies wekupedzisira remakore, vakaedza kuti pave tangi pamusoro renyukireya-vachiwana. Development akatanga muUnited States, asi basa racho kumbobvira rakatangwa. Ainyanya nokuti kuti Matangi aya havana kugona kugadzirisa dambudziko kudzivirirwa vashandi.

Rizivikanwe Ford akashanda nesimba pamusoro motokari, izvo zvaizoita kushanda nesimba renyukireya. Asi pamusoro kugadzirwa marongerwo muchina kwakadaro hakuna aenda.

Chinhu ndechokuti chokugadza yenyukireya zvinotora yakawanda nzvimbo, uye motokari inowana ndeiya yakaita chaizvo. Compact reactors havana kuzviratidza saka chinzvimbo chirongwa akatendeuka.

Zvichida anozivikanwa zvikuru chokufambisa kuti Anomhanyira renyukireya - zvikepe akasiyana, vose zvechiuto uye vehurumende zvinangwa:

• Nuclear-dzinofambiswa dzinopwanya aizi.
• Transport ngarava.
• Ndege vatakuri.
• Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.
• Sevatsvaki vemapuranga.
• Nuclear Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira zvenyukireya simba

Nhasi, mugove zvenyukireya simba iri yose simba kugadzirwa anenge 17 muzana. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu anoshandisa Tourism, asi reserves ayo havasi ziendanakuenda.

Naizvozvo, sezvo imwe nzira, vaishandisa mafuta zvenyukireya. Asi muitiro kuti gadziriro yayo uye unoshandiswa chokuita zvikuru ngozi upenyu uye zvakatipoteredza.

Chokwadi, nguva dzose nani zvenyukireya reactors, kutora zvose zvinobvira kuchengeteka matanho, asi dzimwe nguva izvi hazvina kukwana. Muenzaniso ndiyo tsaona panguva paChernobyl renyukireya simba chirimwa uye Fukushima.

On ruoko mumwe, hapana zvakanaka kushanda reactor inongorira hapana nemwaranzi zvakatipoteredza, nepo chafariz simba yakawanda zvinokuvadza mumhepo.

The ngozi huru hwapera huni, ayo kubudiswa uye amatura. Nekuti nhasi haina kutanga yakachengeteka zvachose tsvina yenyukireya.