Hybrids - nayo ... achiyambuka zvirimwa. interspecific VaNefirimu

The vaizotibata kupfuura nzira kugadzirisa nyika dambudziko chikafu ndiko, sokuti, tinopfuurira kuvandudzika kuti zviripo zvirimwa akura ari kare dzakabudirira munyika. Hybrids - chinhu chinogona basa rinokosha mukuita kwezvokudya. Mushure zvose, vakawanda munzvimbo akakodzera kurima wakatorwa chava. Kuwedzera uwandu mvura inoshandiswa mavari, fetiraiza uye nemamwe makemikari zvemari zvisingaiti munzvimbo dzakawanda. Ndokusaka asina kukosha mukuvandudza huripo zvirimwa. A spachiana - muti vakawana chete somugumisiro kuvandudzwa ichi.

mapuroteni gutsikana

Dambudziko harisi chete kuwedzera goho, asiwo kuwedzera puroteni kugutsikana uye zvimwe zvinovaka muviri. Nokuti murume zvakakosha unhu mapuroteni mu dzinodyiwa miti: mhuka (uye vanhu zvikurukuru) inofanira kuwanikwa kubva zvokudya zvakakodzera uwandu zvose zvinokosha (kureva avo kuti vasingakwanisi synthesize pachavo ..) Of amino acids. Masere 20 amino acids zvakakodzera kuti munhu, unouya nezvokudya. The 12 yasara anogona kunotangira pachayo. Zvisinei, anodyara pamwe chakaiswa somugumisiro kusarudzwa proteinaceous sezvamunoita vanotozvikuvadza zvinoda zvikuru senitrogen nezvimwe zvinovaka muviri kupfuura yepakutanga chimiro, saka hapasi yakura iri shoma nyika apo kudiwa tsika yakadaro zvikuru guru.

ehupfumi itsva

Quality zvinosanganisira kwete chete zvibereko, akafanana uye uwandu kwemapurotini. Created akasiyana kuti zvimwe husingakwanisi zvirwere uye tupembenene nokuti ane yechipiri metabolites, zvikuru kukwezva chimiro uye ruvara zvibereko (semuenzaniso, maapuro, piriviri ruvara), zviri nani kukunda chokufambisa uye kuchengetwa (semuenzaniso, VaNefirimu kuramba nokuchengeta nokunaka madomasi), uyewo tinazvo zvimwe zvinokosha ehupfumi kuti tsika iyi.

Activities Breeders

Breeders nokungwarira kuongorora iripo magene kusiyana. Vane kwemakumi emakore vakauya nezviuru akavandudzika akarongwa inokosha zvirimwa. Kazhinji, zvakakodzera kugamuchira uye kuyera zviuru VaNefirimu, kuti kusarudza vashoma vavo zvechokwadi kuti zvichaita mhare ehupfumi yavo kare zvikuru farmed. Somuenzaniso, chibage goho muUnited States kubvira 1930s nokuda 1980s. yakawedzera kusvika masere nguva, kunyange zvazvo Breeders rave kushandiswa bedzi chikamu chiduku majini kusiyana netsika iyi. Kune zvakawanda uye zvitsva VaNefirimu. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa acreage zvakanyanya.

chemasanganiswa chibage

Kuwedzera negoho dzezviyo zvakaitwa zvichibvira kunyanya kuburikidza kushandiswa remasanganiswa mbeu. ichi tsika inbred mitsetse (chemasanganiswa pachavo nokuda mavambo) yaishandiswa sezvo vabereki siyana. Mbeu zvinobva michinjikwa pakati pavo vari kukura simba chaizvo zviyo VaNefirimu. Crossbreed mitsetse wakasimwa rakatumbuka mumitsara, uye chirimwa chimwe izvi ruoko akagura panicles (makono inflorescences). Saka, zvose mbeu makopi aya remasanganiswa. Vane zvinobatsira chaizvo ehupfumi vanhu. By kunyatsosarudza kuti inbred mitsetse vanogona kuwana VaNefirimu simba. Ava miti kuti vari akakodzera kurimwa chero achida nzvimbo. Nokuti zviratidzo vakaberekwa zvirimwa akafanana, vari nyore kuchenesa. Zvino goho neimwe kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura unimproved maBhaibheri. Muna 1935 zviyo VaNefirimu chakaita kuti asingasviki 1% yose zvibereko yairimwa US, uye ikozvino chose. Ndiani kuwana dzakakwirira zvikuru goho zvirimwa izvi ndoda nguva yakawanda kupfuura kare.

Kubudirira dzemarudzi maberekero nzvimbo

Mumakore mashomanana emakore zvave vazhinji kuedza kuvandudza negoho gorosi nezvimwe zviyo, kunyanya munzvimbo inodziya okunze. Chaizvo mberi kwakaitwa remarudzi maberekero nzvimbo iri subtropics. Apo VaNefirimu matsva akaberekwa mavari gorosi, chibage uye mupunga akura muMexico, India uye Pakistan, izvi zvakaita kuti unopinza kuwedzera zvokurima zvibereko, vakagamuchira zita Green Revolution.

pakuru

Kunotangwa panguva yake maberekero unyanzvi, fetiraiza, uye kudiridza zvave kushandiswa kusimukira dzakawanda. tsika nomumwe kuwana dzakakwirira Goho zvinoda ezvinhu Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kukura. Mupfudze, Mechanisation uye kudiridza - anodiwa zvinoriumba of Green Revolution. Nokuda chikwereti yavaive zvinhu Varidzi nekaupenyu kari chete vakakwanisa kukura itsva chirimwa VaNefirimu (bota). Munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvirongwa zvokukohwa pakuru yave yakaitawo wevasungwa nyika mune mumaoko vashomanana vakapfuma varidzi. Akadaro redistribution pfuma hazvireve anopa basa kana zvokudya, vakawanda chavagari kumatunhu aya.

triticale

anogona dzimwe nguva kutungamirira zvinoshamisa tsika nzira chirimwa maberekero. Somuenzaniso, imwe chemasanganiswa yegorosi (Triticum) uye rye (Secale) triticale (zita nesayenzi Triticosecale) iri kuramba kukosha dzakawanda, uye zvinoita sokuti ndiye vaizotibata chaizvo. Yakanga yaunganidzwa doubling uwandu okutodza mune chena chemasanganiswa yegorosi uye rye nepakati 1950s. J .. O'Mara paYunivhesiti yori. Iowa kushandisa colchicine, zvinhu pasave paumbwe sero ndiro. Triticale anosanganisa mukuru negoho gorosi rye unpretentiousness. Spachiana nekaupenyu kugadzikana Linear Ngura - fungal chirwere, inova imwe huru zvikonzero vakaomerwa zvibereko gorosi. Uyezve crossbreeding uye kusarudzwa ndokuteerera nani triticale mitsetse kuti zvatichakurukura. Pakati pezana remakore 1980s. tsika iyi nokuda kwayo yakakwirira vekumuteerera, kuramba okunze zvinhu uye kugonesesa uswa vasara pashure pokukohwa, angotanga mukurumbira kuFrance, chikuru mugadziri zvezviyo mukati EEC. Triticale muchinangwa kwevanhu kudya iri kukura nokukurumidza.

Conservation uye kushandisa zvirimwa nemagene kusiyana

Ndichibvunza purogiramu michinjikwa uye kusarudzwa kutungamirira kuti aienda yokugara kusiyana kukudziridzwa zvinomera zvose zvavo unhu. Nezvikonzero pachena, chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa dzinowanzotsigi- zvainanga kuwedzera negoho, uye dzimwe nguva pakati zvikuru dzakafanana vana chaivo kusarudzwa kunoparirwa pachishandiswa makopi akarasika kuti chirwere nemishonga. Mukati tsika zvinomera vari kuva yunifomu, sezvo vamwe zviratidzo zvavo zvakawanda raidudzwa kupfuura vamwe; Naizvozvo, nyore utachiona uye tupukanana muri zvirimwa hwose. Somuenzaniso, Helminthosporium fungal chirwere yechibage kwakakonzerwa worudzii Helminthosporium maydis (yaifananidzira pamusoro) muna 1970, akaparadza vanenge 15% of chirimwa iri US, kuunza nazvo anenge $ 1 mabhiriyoni. nokurasikirwa uku sokuti chokuita chidzoke itsva rudzi pakati chakuvhe ndiyo ngozi kwazvo dzimwe huru mitsetse zviyo, iri zvinowanzoshandiswa pagadzirwe chemasanganiswa mbeu. Vazhinji kutengeswa kukosha akarongwa chirimwa cytoplasm akanga akafanana sapamazuva pagadzirwe vakaberekwa chibage akaramba kushandisa chete pistillate miti.

Kuti adzivise kukuvadza yakadaro inofanira dzabudapo zindoga uye kuchengeta dzakasiyana mutsetse tsika huru kuti, kunyange kana Verengai zviratidzo harumiririri zvoupfumi mubereko anogona ane majini zvinobatsira mune kunopfuurira kurwisa tupukanana uye zvirwere.

VaNefirimu vaiva madomasi

Kubudirira zvinoshamisa kuwedzera majini kusiyana nokutaura kukwezva dzomusango siyana vane domatisi Breeders. Kuunza ichi tsika muunganidzwa mitsetse, kuitwa naCharles Rick uye tsvimbo yake paUniversity of California, Davis, akabvumira kubata zvinobudirira chete zvirwere zvakawanda chayo chikuru, kunyanya kukonzerwa kukwana notumwe Fusarium uye Verticillum, uye vamwe wanda. The muviri Kukosha domatisi akanga yekudyidzana kwakawedzera. Uyezve, vakaberekwa zvirimwa zvakawanda nemishonga salinity nezvimwe nematambudziko ezvinhu. Izvi zvakanga ainyanya nokuda hurongwa muunganidzwa, ongororo uye kushandisa mhuka domatisi mitsetse kuti maberekero.

Sezvaunogona kuona, interspecific VaNefirimu vari vaizotibata chaizvo mune zvokurima. Pamusana kwavari, unogona kuvandudza negoho uye unhu zvinomera. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwete chete mune zvokurima asiwo nezvipfuwo aishandisa kuyambuka. Somugumisiro payo Somuenzaniso, akazviratidza nyurusi (Photo akauya pamusoro payo). Uyu dzemasanganiswa, muchinjikwa pakati mbongoro ine hachi.