Chemical maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga - kwakajairika nemakemikari kuposita

Kurerutsa makemikari pezvakaitwa uye nani maonero avo The kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga rinoshandiswa. Zviri zvimiso kupinda kudyidzana pakati zvinhu pamwe mumwe uye, sezvo zvakaita kuti paumbwe mishonga mitsva. With "mufananidzo" ichi schematic, nokuti zvaidiwa womurayiro kuchengetedza nevazhinji fuma yaishandiswa kusanganiswa coefficients. Tsanangudzo iyi nemakemikari kushandisa nhamba uye zviratidzo wakatangwa muna 1615 Zhan atanga. Gare gare, pashure pamukova stoichiometry mitemo vakatanga kushandisa quantitative tsika.

Chemical maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera:

1. Kuruboshwe divi "mufananidzo" schematic ndivo zvinhu pakati iyo kudyidzana pakati pavo anoiswa chiratidzo "+". Kurutivi rworuboshwe - maitiro zvigadzirwa, i.e., yeimwe itsva kuti akaumba. Pakati kuruboshwe uye zvikamu kurudyi vakaisa museve inotaridza achitungamirirwa kuita. Somuenzaniso, C + E → CE.
2. Zvadaro, coefficients vanosarudzirwa, vane basa 'kuti pamwero ", i.e. kuti uwandu neimwe mhando kwemaatomu zvakaitwa isati akaenzana nokuwanda maatomu pashure pacho. Nokudaro, "basa" mutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda. Somuenzaniso, 2HCl - H ₂ + Cl _2.

Pane maitiro kinetic mukana wokuti vanhu vanga iyo inotaura kutsamira pamusoro kuerera mwero makemikari kwacho pamusoro wevasungwa ose zvinhu unreacted. Simple siyana akadaro chete danho, schematically akanyorwa se: V = K [A _1] N ¹ * [A _2] N ^2, sezvamakaropafadzwa

V - velocity nemapinduriro;

[A _1], [A _2] - fuma wevasungwa;

K - kuramba kuti zvakaitwa zvazvingava, izvo kunoenderana yezvakaita unreacted zvinhu netembiricha;

N ^1, N ² - hurongwa nemapinduriro.

Kana zvakaitwa anobuda matanho anoverengeka, ipapo vanoumba ezvinhu kinetic equations, mumwe nomumwe chichakurukurwa kurondedzerwa yoga.

Uyewo ari oga rudzi ndiko Ionic maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga izvo kuti gadziriro yayo ane zvinhu se zvakanyorwa imomo zvinhu zviri muchimiro ions. Kwakadaro makemikari kusakarongeka chinyorwa schematic kwese chete kuzvitsinhanisa siyana uye exchange mu aqueous zvinogadzirisa kana alloys, panguva iyo munhu precipitate kuumbwa, taita dissociable fuma (mvura) kana gasi anogadzirwa. Somuenzaniso: achipinda makemikari maitiro, hydrochloric asidhi uye potassium hydroxide, sezvamakaropafadzwa munyu yakaumbwa uye mvura.

HCl + KOH- KCl + H ₂ O

Nyora date fuma muchimiro ions, kunze kwemvura, sezvo risingabereki dissociate. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi achanzi wakakwana maitiro Ionic.

H ^{+ +} Cl ^{- +} K ^{+ + OH - --K + + Cl} - + H ₂ O

Zvino, muna zano iri, maererano nheyo Kufanana, kuruboshwe uye kurutivi rworudyi "kugurwa" yokudzokorora. ions uye kuwana:

H ⁺ + OH ^- - H ₂ O.

Kunyange redox maitiro, inozivikanwa nokuchinja oxidation mamiriro kwemaatomu achava nezveimwe schematic nokudhirowa yakarekodwa. Maatomu zvakafanira kuona kuti achinja oxidation ehurumende, nokusika wemagetsi nepakati, kwakavakirwa iyo zvino kuronga coefficients.

Saka, makemikari zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga chinhu schematic nhoroondo zvose zvakaoma basa nokuumbwa itsva zvinhu nokuda manyowa, yeimwe pakati kuzvitsinhanisa uye exchange. Inopawo munhu Qualitative uye quantitative ruzivo pamusoro reactants uye kuita zvinhu.