Kureba kwemakomo eAmaalaya. Himalayas - makomo akakwirira

Aya maAraalaya ndiwo makomo akakwirira kupfuura mamwe ose munyika, iyo iyo iri muSanskrit chaizvoizvo inoreva kuti "nzvimbo inosvika chando". Iri muSouth Asia, makomo aya anoparadzanisa Indo-Gangetic Plain uye Tibet Plateau. Heano ndiyo yakaswedera pedyo nedenga inotarisa paPasi, kusanganisira Everest, nzvimbo yakakwirira (Himalaya inoshevedza kuti "denga repasi"). Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare pasi peimwe zita- Jomolungma.

Mountain Ecology

Makomo eAmaalaya anozivikanwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemamiriro ezvinhu. MaHreealaya anogara munharaunda yevamwe vanotaura zvishanu: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China nePakistan. Mumakomo, nzizi nhatu huru uye dzine simba dzinobva: Indus, Ganges uye Brahmaputra. Nzvimbo uye zvipenyu zveHimalaya zvinotarisana nemamiriro ekunze, kutonhora, zvikomo zvepamusoro uye mamiriro ezvinhu evhu.

Nokuti rutivi rwetsoka rwemakomo runoratidzwa nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora, asi pamusoro pemvura inogara ichando chisingaperi uye chando. Mvura inonaya gore negore inowedzera munzvimbo inobva kumavirazuva kusvika kumabvazuva. Iyo yakasiyana nedzimwe nhaka uye kukwirira kwemakomo e Himalaya kunopesana nekusiyana-siyana nekuda kwekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze.

Geological features

Aya Himalaya ndiwo makomo muSouth Asia, anosanganisira zvikuru sedimentary uye yakavhenganiswa nematombo. Chimwe chikamu chezvikomo zvezvikomo ndeyekudzivirira kwavo uye nechokumusoro kwechimiro chepamusoro kana ganda, rakafukidzwa nehupenyu husingaperi nechando nekugara munzvimbo inenge makiromita zviuru makumi matatu ². Aya Himalaya, ayo akakwirira munzvimbo anosvika makiromita mapfumbamwe, anenge achiri muduku achienzaniswa nemamwe, mamwe magomo ekare epasi.

Sezvakaita mamiriyoni makumi emakore apfuura, ndiro yeIndia ichiri kuenderera mberi nekufamba kwayo uye inofamba kusvika kure nemamita mamita makumi matanhatu pagore, uye pamusoro pemakore gumi nemamiriyoni anouya ichaenderera mberi nemakiromita 1.5 muAsia. Kushanda kubva pakuona kwe geology yemusangano, kureba kwemakomo e Himalaya kunowedzerawo, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera anenge anenge 5 mm pagore. Zvisingakoshi, pakutanga, maitiro ane simba rekugadzirisa kwehupenyu kwenguva, uyezve, nzvimbo yacho isina kugadzikana kubva kune chinangwa chekuona, dzimwe nguva kudengenyeka kwenyika kunoitika.

Rwizi rwemitambo yeHimalaya

Aya Himalaya ndiyo yechitatu yepamusoro maererano nechando uye chando inowanikwa munyika mushure meAntarctica neArtictic. Mumakomo kune makiromita anenge gumi nemashanu emagetsi, ane makiromita gumi nemaviri emakirikita emvura yakachena. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakaputirwa nechando gore rose. Kutora zvinyorwa muTibet, Indus ndiyo irwo rwizi rukuru uye ruchizara runopinda madiki akawanda. Inotenderera kumaodzanyemba-kumavirazuva kuburikidza neIndia, Pakistan uye inopinda muGungwa reArabia.

Aya Himalaya, ayo akakwirira pakakwirira pane kusvika kusvika makiromita 9, anoratidzwa nerwizi rwakasiyana-siyana. Nzvimbo huru yemvura yeG Ganges-Brahmaputra mubhedha ndiyo Ganges, Brahmaputra uye Yamuna nzizi. Iyo brahmaputra inobatana neG Ganges muBangladesh, uye pamwe chete inoyerera ichienda kuBay de Bengal.

Masango emakomo

Inzvimbo yakakwirira yeHimalayan, Gurudungmar muSikkim (India), iri panzvimbo yakakwirira makiromita mashanu. Munharaunda yeHimalaya mune nhamba yakawanda yemakungwa anoyevedza, mazhinji ayo ari panzvimbo yepamusoro pemakilomita mashanu pamusoro pegungwa. Dzimwe dziva dzinoonekwa sezvitsvene muIndia. Nepalese Lake Tilicho munharaunda yezvikomo makomo e Annapurna ndeimwe yemakomo akakwirira zvikuru panyika.

Makomo marefu eAmalaalaya ane mazana emakungwa akanaka muIndia uye muvakidzani weTibet neNepal. Mvura yeHimalaya inopa ruzha runokosha kune makomo makomo, mazhinji acho akafukidzwa nenhoroondo dzekare uye nyaya dzinofadza.

Zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze

Mitambo yeHimalaya ine simba guru pamamiriro ekunze. Dzinodzivirira kutenderera kwemhepo inotonhora yakaoma mumhepo yekumaodzanyemba, iyo inobvumira kutonhora kwemamiriro ekuSouth Asia kutonga. Chigadziro chechisikigo chinoumbwa nokuda kwemhoni (zvichikonzera mvura inorema), kudzivirira kufamba kwavo kuchamhembe. Girazi regomo rinoita basa rayo rakananga mumagadziro ekugadzirwa kweTadakakan neGobbi mahoango.

Chikamu chikuru chemakomo eAmaalaya chinokanganisa nehukuquatorial zvinhu. Muzhizha uye mumwaka wechando zvinopisa kwazvo pano: muvhareji wekushisa kwemhepo unosvika 35 ° С. Panguva ino yegore mhondi inounza nawo mvura yakawandisa yemvura kubva kuIndia Ocean, iyo inowira kumaodzanyemba kwemakomo.

Vanhu uye tsika yeHimalaya

Pamusana pemamiriro ekunze emuHitalaya (makomo eAsia) inharaunda yakanyanyogariswa. Vanhu vazhinji vanogara munzvimbo dzakadzika. Vamwe vavo vanowana mararamiro sevatungamiri vevatashanyi uye vanoendeswa kune vanosimudza vanouya kuzokunda zvikomo zvepamusoro. Makomo akange ari chigadziro chepanyama chezviuru zvemakore. Vakamisa kusvibiswa kwevanhu veChinese uye mukati meAsia neveIndia nyika.

Mamwe madzinza akavakirwa mumakomo emakomo eHimalaya, ari munharaunda yeNortheast India, Sikkim, Nepal, Bhutan, zvikamu zveWest Bengal nevamwe. MuArunachal Pradesh chete munogara madzinza anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe. Makomo eAhimaalaya ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakwirira munyika uye nhamba yakawanda yezvisikwa zvemhuka dzengozi, sezvo kushambadzira basa rinozivikanwa zvikuru munharaunda yeHimalaya. Zvitendero zvikuru ndezveBuddha, Islam uye Hinduism. Nyaya yakakurumbira yeA Himalayan yaiva nhau yemunhu wechando anogara kune imwe nzvimbo mumakomo.

Kureba kwemakomo eAmaalaya

Aya Himalaya anosimuka makiromita anenge 9 pamusoro pegungwa. Vanopfuura nechepamita anenge makiromita zviuru zviviri kubva kuIndus Valley kumavirazuva kusvika kuBrahmaputra mhiri kumabvazuva. Zvimwe zvikomo zvepamusoro zvinoonekwa sezvitsvene pakati pevanhu vemo, uye vazhinji vaHindu neBuddhist vanoita mapegiri kune nzvimbo idzi.

Pakati pevhesi, kureba kwemakomo eAmaalaya mumamita pamwe neve glaciers inosvika zviuru zviviri. Kukwira kwegomo, izvo zvakakurumbira mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, rakava basa guru revatariri vakanyanya. Muna 1953, Edmund Hillary weNew Zealand uye Sherp Tenzing Norgay ndivo vakatanga kukunda Everest (iyo yakakwirira).

Everest: gomo refu (Himalaya)

Everest, inozivikanwawo seChoololma, ndiyo nzvimbo yakakwirira yepasi. Chii chakareba gomo? Aya maAraalaya, anozivikanwa nokuda kwezvikomo zvavo zvakaoma-kusvika-kusvika, anotora zviuru zvevatambi, asi chinangwa chavo chikuru ndecheJomolungma 8.848-kilometer. Iyi nzvimbo inongova paradhiso yevashanyi vasingagoni kufungidzira hupenyu hwavo pasina ngozi uye zvakanyanya.

Ukuru hwemakomo eAhimaalaya kunokwezva nhamba yakawanda yevakwira kubva kumativi ose enyika. Sezvo mutemo, hapana hunobudirira hwehutano hunokwira nekukwira kune dzimwe nzira, asi, Everest yakazara nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokuvadza, zvakadai sekutya nzvimbo dzakakwirira, kushanduka kamwe kamwe mumamiriro ekunze, kusava kwe okisijeni uye mhepo ine simba yakasimba.

Masayendisiti akanyatsojekesa kukwirira kwemakomo ose pasi pano. Izvi zvakaitwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweNASA ye satellite-based surveillance system. Kuyera kureba kwegomo rimwe nerimwe, kwakasvika pakugumisa kuti gumi pamakomo gumi nemapfumbamwe pasi pano ari muHimalaya. Zvose zvezvikomo izvi ndezveruzhinji rwe "eight-thousanders". Kukunda kwezvinhu izvi zvose zvinoratidzika sechokukwirira kwekugadzirisa kwemhepo.

Zvinhu zvakasikwa zveMitambo yeHimalaya pamatanho akasiyana

Nzvimbo yemahombekombe eAraalaya, iri pasi pezvikomo, inonzi "terai" uye inoratidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvirimwa. Pano unogona kuwana mashimita mashanu emasango, miti yemichindwe nehokoni, ferns nemasango. Panzvimbo yakakwirira mamita mazana mana kusvika pamakiromita mashanu ndeye ruvara rwemasango ane mhepo. Mukuwedzera kune marudzi akawanda emiti, magnolia, citrus uye camphor laurel kukura pano.

Pakati pepamusoro (kusvika pa2,5 km), nzvimbo dzakasvibira dzepasi uye masango anozadza nzvimbo ine makomo, pano unogona kuwana mimosa, maple, shiri cherry, chestnut, oak, wild cherry, high-mountain mosses. Coniferous masango anotambanudzira kusvika pakakwirira kwemakiromita mana. Panzvimbo iyi yakakwirira, miti yacho inoderera uye inoshandiswa neminda yemavhu nenzira yeuswa uye shrub.

Kutanga 4.5 km pamusoro pegungwa, Himalayas inzvimbo yekunogara mairi glaciers uye chando chechando. Mhuka yemhuka yakasiyanawo. Muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakomo makatarisana nemabhere, nzou, antelopes, rhinoceroses, mbongoro, mabhiza emusango, mbudzi nemamwe mhuka dzakawanda. Ikoko kune zvakawanda zvehove uye zvinokambaira zvinokonzera ngozi kuvanhu.

Aya Himalaya ndiwo makomo akakwirira pane Pasi. Parizvino, nhepfenyuro yeJomolungma (Everest) yakakundwa nenguva dzinenge 1200. Kusanganisira pakakwirira, murume akakwanisa kukwira kusvika kumakore makumi matanhatu uye ane makore gumi nematatu, uye muna 1998 munhu wekutanga akaremara akakunda hurukuro.