Mushonga masero haigoni kuwanikwa chii? Zviratidzo zvefungal seyamuro, hunhu

Mushonga zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, zviratidzo zvaro zvinonyanya kukosha nokuda kwemaitiro emasero. Chimiro uye maitiro emabasa anokosha emashiripiti avo anoshandiswa achazvipira kune zvinyorwa zvedu.

Zvikamu zvehowa

Mushonga unobatanidza unhu hunhu hwevamiririri veMadzimambo akawanda emhuka dzesango. Kune rumwe rutivi, vane zviratidzo zvemiti:

1. Iyo inzira yakabatanidzwa yehupenyu uye kukura kunopfuurira nguva yose yehupenyu.
2. Sero rewayo mushroom rine guru guru. Iyi nhengo izere nemvura nemaminerari zvinhu zvakaputika mairi.
3. Uyewo kufanana nemiti, fungai ine sero rine masvingo ane carbohydrates cellulose. Izvi zvinovapa simba rakasimbiswa uye kusagadzikana.
4. Mhando dzekuberekwa kwefungi dzinofananawo nemiti - vazhinji vavo vanogona kuita spore formation uye vegetative mode.

Zvisinei, nokuda kwezvipenyu izvi, chimiro chakakosha chemhuka chimiro. Iyi ndiyo nzira ye heterotrophic yekudya. Mumasero efungi, chloroplast haigoni kuonekwa. Uye ndiwo mahwendeti epepuru anogadzirisa kukwanisa kwezvisikwa kuti zvive nemafuta.

Zviratidzo zvemasero ane fungal

Fungi inogona kunge iri imwe-yakavhara kana kuti multicellular. Muenzaniso weboka rokutanga mukor. Yake mycelium (mycelium) imwe huru branched cell, iyo inowedzera nuclei kamwechete. Zvechokwadi, munhu wese akatarisa kutambudzwa nenzira yepepheno chena pachidya chekudya uye akacherechedza kuti nekufamba kwenguva inosviba. Ichi chiratidzo chechokwadi chokuti sero inenge yatotanga spores, nerubatsiro rwekuberekwa kwezvekuberekwa kwemukora kunoitika.

Zvimwe zvinonakidza zvechimiro chese fungal, iyo inonzi mbiriso. Havana kusimba mycelium chaiye. Yeed is unicellular fungi microscopic fungi. Chimiro chavo chimiro chekuberekwa nekugadzira.

Zvose zvemafungal masero zvinoumba hyphae. Aya ndiwo mafungiro anoumba mycelium uye miviri yemichero. Mbeu hadzina mbatya chaiyo. Kuzara kwe hyphae kunonzi pseudoparenchyma, sezvo masero ayo asingashamisi. Basa ravo guru nderokudya mvura kubva mu substrate.

Hyphae of capillary fungi multicellular. Vane chinhu chinofadza. Muzvikamu zvinowanikwa pakati pemasero avo, kune masango. Kudzo navo, cytoplasm pamwe ne organoids inogona kufamba-famba yose hyphae.

Mushroom cell shell

Izvo zvipfeko zvisingakoshi zvemasero fungal zvinomiririrwa nehupamhi uye rusvingo. Chigadzirwa chekutanga chine chimiro chechimiro uye chinosanganisira protein-lipid complexes. Sero rorusvingo rwefungi rinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemashuga emasikirini. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Chitin;
• Cellulose;
• Glucans.

Chokutanga chazvo chinokunda. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chikamu chemakumbo ekunze emhuka dzeArthropod. Chitin inotsanangura zviitiko zvakadaro zvefungal seyamuro sekusarura, kuoma uye simba.

Muchikamu chemakemikari ayo, iyi nitrogen-ine polysaccharide ine sarudzo isina kubviswa. Sero rorusvingo rwefunguni rinewo cellulose, glucans, galactose uye glycoprotein.

Constant cellular structures

Iyo fungal cell organoids inofananidzira eukaryotes. Zviri mukati mavo zvinomiririrwa ne cytoplasm, iyo inenge yakasviba-yega mvura yekuiswa kwezvivako zvakasiyana-siyana.

Mumasero efungi, centrioles, plastids uye organelles yekufamba hazvikwanisi kuonekwa. Nzvimbo yepamusoro inoshandiswa nucleus, iyo inowanikwa ruzivo rwehupenyu inochengeterwa. Mabasa ekugadzirisa, kuchengetedza nekufambisa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakadai peroxisomes, nharaunda yeGolgi uye kugadziriswa kwemasimba. Inochengetedza chinhu ichi uye chinoputika, umo iyo yakaoma carbohydrate glycogen yakaiswa.

Izvo simba rinotambirwa nemitochondria, pamakumbo ayo maA molecules anonzi ATP akaumbwa. Mushonga we musculoskeletal wesero fungal unoumba cytoskeleton. Muchiitiko che "kuunganidza" mapuroteni mamolekemu, ribosomes inobatanidzwawo, iyo iri pamusoro pegranular EPS. Uye mumusana wezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, vesicles ane hydrolytic enzyme inobatanidzwa. Ivo vanonzi lysosomes.

Chimiro chemarudzi ose e-organelles chakanyatsoenderana nebasa rinoshandiswa, izvo zvakasanganiswa zvinogadzirisa izvo zvinogadzirisa basa rakarongeka remakamuri akaoma emagetsi.

Nzira yekudya zvinovaka muviri

Mumasero efungi, plastids haigoni kuonekwa. Chokutanga pane izvi, izvi zvinoshandiswa kune chloroplasts, kuvapo kwaro kunotarisa nzira iyo zvipenyu zvinodyiswa. Zvimwe zvikamu zvemafungalwe masero ndeokuti zvinodya zvinhu zvakagadzirwa chete uye hazvikwanise kuzvigadzira zvakasununguka. Iyi nzira yekudya kunovaka muviri inonzi heterotrophic.

Ndicho chikonzero mold fungi inogadzirisa zvokudya zvekudya. Miti yavo inogona kuonekwa pachingwa, miriwo uye michero. Pakati pefungi pane zvakawanda zvinokonzera mhuka. Phytophthora, turtles, powdery mildew inogara pamiti uye inofudza zvinhu.

Muviri we flip fungi inomiririrwa ne multicellular mycelium iri pasi pevhu. Inoumbwa neshinda yakasiyana, iyo inonzi hyphae. Pasi penyika, mycelium inoumba miviri inobereka, iyo yatinojaira kudana mushwa. Hyphae inonwisa mvura nemaminera kubva muvhu, zvichiita semuti wemiti.

Rudzi rwekubereka

Zviratidzo zvemasero emafuta anosarudza rudzi rwekuberekwa kwavo. Saka, mbiriso inoshingaira budding. Masero avo anoumba chirwere, icho chinokura, chinowana unhu hunhu hwechimiro uye hunoparadzaniswa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka iyi nzira inobudirira kwazvo. Kuvonga nembiriso iyi yakagara yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mubhoji uye kupora.

Mhando dzakawanda dzefungi dzinoumba masero e-asexual reproduction - spores. Iyi nzira inoshandawo. Semuenzaniso, mumucheto wakaderera wekoto yemamiriyoni evanhu vepoderezozovik evanhu vanogona kupisa. Aya masero maduku uye mashoma anotapararira nyore nemhepo, mvura, zvipembenene nevanhu.

Nebatsiro re hyphae mushroom inobereka mbeu. Izvo chete zvakakosha kuparadzanisa chikamu chemacelium uye kuchiisa panzvimbo inofadza, sekunge mushure mechinguva ichawedzera nekugadzirazve miviri yehuta.

Kuita zvepabonde kunowanikwa mufungi nekubatsirwa kwezvinhu zviviri zve spores uye gametes, izvo zvinoumbwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana, zvichibatana pamwechete.

Movement

Masero emushroom, sekutonga, haasunungurwi. Izvi zvipenyu zvinotungamirira nzira yakarongedzwa yehupenyu, iyo inovaunza pedo nemiti. Nzvimbo yakasimba ye fungus inotsanangurwa nekuvimbika kwavo pane substrate, iyo inenge isingagoneki kunobva kune chikafu kwavari. Zvimwe ndezvipi spores zvezasi fungi. Izvo zvinofambisa organelles - flagella, izvo zvinovabvumira kufamba rwendo rukuru rwezviuru zvemakiromita zviuru.

Kureba

Kufanana nemiti, zvisikwa izvi zvinowedzera mukukura muhupenyu hwose. Asi ndeapi mhowa inorarama ipapo? Kwete kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso, hatshi mushroom, iyo yatinounganidza musango, inosvika pakukura kukuru mumavhiki maviri. Uye kushanda kwekukura kukuru kunowanikwa mukati mavo mumazuva mashanu ekutanga ekugadzirwa.

Chokutanga, gumbo rinomira kukura, mushure mezvo "rakabatwa" nehovha kwemazuva mashomanana. Nokukura kwakasimba kwefungi, mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha zvikuru. Iyi yakawanda yakakwana yeunyoro, kupisa, kuvapo kwe okisijeni. Hazvishamisi kuti vanoti, "kukura sehowa mushure memvura."

Mhando dzewaini

Mbeu dzinorongwa maererano nezviratidzo zvakasiyana. Maererano nesangano re mycelium, mapoka maviri anozivikanwa: pasi uye kumusoro. Yokutanga ine yeasina magetsi mycelium, iyo isiri isina septa. Iboka repamusoro ndiro rakawanda kwazvo.

Nezviitiko zvesangano, mushwa hunodzingwa uye hunyunyuta, uye yekupedzisira kwahwo hakuna-uye mavara akawanda. Sarudza izvi zvipenyu uye rudzi rwezvokudya. Zvipembenene zvinorarama nekudhura kwezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu, zvinowanzokonzera zvirwere zvavo zvakakomba. Uye saprotrophic fungi, iyo yakawanda kwazvo, haigoni kukuvadza. Vanoparadza nhengo yehupenyu yemasara ezvisikwa zvipenyu, kuva chikamu chinokosha chezvimwe zvipenyu.

Saka, sero remafunganya rinobatanidza zviratidzo zvezvose zvirimwa nemhuka. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi vanoumba zvakasiyana-siyana. Mumasero efungi, chloroplast haigoni kuonekwa. Nokudaro, vanokwanisa kudya chete pazvinhu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu - heterotrophically. Mhuka inoshandiswa nemasero emafuta ndeyekuchengetedza glycogen polysaccharide uye kuvapo kwechitin. Pane huwandu hwezvimwe zvinomera zvechimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuvapo kwekamuri masvingo uye vacuoles.