Compounds senitrogen. ehupfumi kuti senitrogen

Achisununguka nitrate - sezvo rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin shoko Nitrogenium. Izvi rokuremekedza senitrogen - kwemakemikari chinhu ane mabhomba uwandu 7, musoro 15 boka fung iri refu shanduro periodic table. Muchimiro nyore fuma raiumbwa nyika vakaparadzira mhepo bhegi - mhepo. A siyana senitrogen yeimwe inowanikwa pasi goko, uye zvipenyu zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa maindasitiri, zvechiuto, kurima uye mishonga.

Nei senitrogen inonzi "kudzipwa" uye "upenyu"

Sezvo kare wekemisitiri hunoratidza kutanga akamuka ichi fuma nyore Henry Cavendish (1777). Scientific unopfuura mhepo pamusoro anopisa pamusoro Absorção de Água nemapinduriro zvigadzirwa vachishandisa alkali. Somugumisiro ruzivo mutsvakurudzi akawana Hauoneki uye odorless gasi, unreacted marasha. Cavendish akaiti "mhepo cheYangon" kuti kutadza kuramba kufema uye combustion.

Modern Chemical kutsanangurwa kuti okisijeni iri vakaita pamwe marasha, carbon dioxide aumbwa. The yasara "stifling" dzedenga chaiva kupfuura chikamu mamorekuru N _2. Cavendish nemamwe masayendisiti panguva nezvenyaya iyi haisati kuzivikanwa, kunyange senitrogen uye nitrate yeimwe ipapo pavainge kushandiswa upfumi. The musayendisiti akaudza pamusoro kujairika gasi kuti wandaiziva kuitisa kuedza kufanana - Joseph Priestley.

Panguva iyoyowo Carl Scheele akataura kuti asingazivikanwi chezvinonhuwira dzedenga, asi akakundikana zvakanaka kutsanangura ayo mavambo. Chete Daniel Rutherford muna 1772 vakaziva kuti aripo kuedza "cheYangon" "vakapamba" gasi - senitrogen. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira akawana kwayo - nanhasi ndizvo nharo kare nesayenzi.

Makore 15 pashure Rutherford kuedza akakurumbira kemisiti Antuan Lavuaze zvinganaka kutsiva rokuti mhepo "vakapamba" rinoreva senitrogen, pane dzimwe - Nitrogenium. Pakazosvika nguva zvakanga zvakaratidza kuti fuma iyi haachemeri, haritsigiri kufema. Paivawo Russian zita "senitrogen", icho zvichishandurwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kazhinji vanoti rinoreva "upenyu". Zvidzidzo hunotevedzana kunge inopikisanawo kwakapararira kutenda pamusoro ehupfumi kuti zvinhu. Nitrogen yeimwe - mapuroteni - zvikuru macromolecules zviri murwiyo zvipenyu. Kuti kuvaka miti Sechipanji muvhu chicherwa kudya zvakakodzera zvinhu - ^2- ions NO ₃ uye NH ^4+.

Nitrogen - makemikari Kufananidzira

Kuti tinzwisise mabhomba marongerwo uye zvivako anobatsira periodic maitiro (PS). Nzvimbo makemikari chinhu ari periodic table anogona kutsanangura kupomera zvenyukireya, nhamba protons uye neutrons (vakawanda nhamba). Zvakakosha kuti kuteerera kukosha maatomu guru - ichi ndechimwe chikuru zvechadenga maatomu akafanana. nguva, nhamba unoenderana nokuwanda simba siyana. The pfupi shanduro periodic table Group nhamba anoenderana nenhamba maerekitironi ari kwokunze energaticheskom revarombo. Nokupfupikisa Data ari mukuru unhu senitrogen kubudikidza panzvimbo yacho periodic ino:

• Ichi asiri esimbi maatomu akafanana zviri chokumusoro rworudyi kukona SS.
• Chemical chiratidzo: N.
• Property nhamba: 7.
• Hama mabhomba guru: 14,0067.
• Formula akadaro rehydrogen yeimwe: NH ₃ (amoniya).
• Forms wakakwirira oxide N ₂ O _5, izvo akaenzana valency kuti senitrogen V.

Structure senitrogen atomu:

• renyukireya mutariri +7.
• Kuwanda protons: 7; uwandu neutrons: 7.
• Nhamba Energy Levels: 2.
• Uwandu maerekitironi: 7; E fomura: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^3.

Details akadzidza akatsiga isotopes № chaikosha 7, vakawanda nhamba dzavo - 14 uye 15. The zviri chiedza maatomu chiri 99,64%. The nuclei pamusoro pfupi radioactive isotope ndiyewo 7 protons, uye uwandu neutrons zvinosiyana zvikuru: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

Nitrogen zvakasikwa

Sechikamu dzedenga mamorekuru varipo pasi mumuhara nyore fuma, ane nzira - N _2. Zviri senitrogen gasi mumhepo anenge 78,1 vhoriyamu%. Inorganic yeimwe of makemikari chinhu goko paNyika - siyana Ammonium munyu uye nitrates (niter). Compounds pamusoro nzira uye mazita vamwe inokosha zvinhu:

• NH _3, amoniya.
• NO _2, senitrogen dioxide.
• Nano ₃ Sodium nitrate.
• (NH _{4) 2} SO _4, Ammonium sulfate.

The Valence of senitrogen mukupera yeimwe maviri - IV. Marasha, ivhu, zvipenyu dzinewo N maatomu ari vakasungwa chimiro. Nitrogen ari chezvinonhuwira amino acids macromolecules, DNA uye RNA nucleotides, hormone hemoglobin. The zvachose zviri makemikari chinhu ari mumuviri womunhu rinosvika 2.5%.

nyore fuma

Nitrogen muchimiro diatomic mamorekuru - mukuru vhoriyamu uye uremu zvomumhepo mhepo. Fuma, ane nzira iri N _2, haana kwakanaka, ruvara uye kuravira. gasi Iri zvinopfuura 2/3 mhepo pasi mumuhara. The mvura senitrogen chinhu Hauoneki fuma, akafanana mvura. Mamota panguva tembiricha kuti -195,8 ° C. M (N ₂₎ = 28 g / mol. Simple fuma vazorore okisijeni, senitrogen, mhepo, ayo arambe achirema riri pedyo 1.

Maatomu ari morekuru sunga zvakasimba 3 yakagovana Erekitironi yezvinoita. Mukomboni akava mukuru nemakemikari nemishonga, izvo chinosiyanisa kubva okisijeni nezvimwe gaseous zvinhu. Kusvika senitrogen Morekuru iri rwakakamukana yayo constituent maatomu zvakafanira kuti vanopedzera simba 942,9 KJ / mol. Contact of maviri matatu maerekitironi kwakasimba chaizvo, anotanga kuputsa kana neshungu pamusoro 2000 ° C.

Munenge hariwanikwi pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, mashoko dissociation pamusoro mamorekuru kupinda maatomu. Chemical inertness chiri kukonzerwa senitrogen kwakakwana kusavapo polarity wayo Morekuru. Ivo pamwe chaizvo zvakaneta nemumwe, nokudaro kushanda gaseous ezvinhu kwenyaya panguva dzekudya kumanikidzwa uye ari kupisa pedyo mumba tembiricha. Low makemikari basa samolecular senitrogen rinoshandiswa zvakasiyana pezvakaitwa uye namano apo zvakakodzera kusika munhu inert ezvinhu.

Dissociation pamusoro mamorekuru N ₂ anogona kuitika pasi pokudzora rezuva mwaranzi iri repamusoro mhepo. Mabhomba senitrogen aumbwa, izvo zvaanoita pamwe dzimwe simbi uye nonmetals pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (phosphorus, sarufa, Arsenic). Mugumisiro ndiyo kwetunhu zvinhu ari pasi mamiriro vakawana sananga.

senitrogen valency

Chokunze Erekitironi goko pamusoro atomu kuumba 2 s 3 uye peji Erekitironi. Izvi akaipa senitrogen anogona kupa inoramba kana kuwadzana nevamwe zvinhu zvinoenderana ayo kwomuviri. Pamuganhu asipo octet 3 Erekitironi atomu rinoratidza oxidative okufunga. Electronegativity senitrogen pazasi ayo esimbi ehupfumi zvisinganyanyi raidudzwa kupfuura fluorine, okisijeni uye kuiisa chlorine. Kana kuwadzana izvi zvine maatomu akafanana senitrogen anopa maerekitironi (oxidize). Rutapudzo kune akaipa ions zvichiteverwa maitiro pamwe nedzimwe simbi uye nonmetals.

Typical senitrogen Valence - III. Panyaya iyi, makemikari Zvisungo inoumbwa rokunze S.-Kukwezva maerekitironi uye pakusika zvakafanana (tichisunga) peya. Nitrogen anokwanisa rokuumba anyatsoronga-acceptor chisungo nokuda kwayo oga peya maerekitironi, sezvo ari Ammonium Ion NH ^4+.

Kuwana murabhoritari uye indasitiri

Mumwe rabhoritari nzira pachishandiswa oxidative ehupfumi ose zvemhangura oxide. Shandisa senitrogen remubatanidzwa pamwe rehydrogen - amoniya NH _3. Ichi chisingafadzi hwema gasi vzaimoddeystvuet pamwe weupfu mhangura oxide dema. The zvichiguma zvakaitwa unobereka senitrogen uye rinowanika esimbi mhangura (dzvuku upfu). Rakachengetedzwa pamusoro chubhu pamadziro waterdrops - mumwe kuita chigadzirwa.

Chimwe murabhoritari nzira kuti anoshandisa senitrogen remubatanidzwa pamwe simbi - azide Somuenzaniso Nan _3. Yaunganidzwa gasi usingabereki zvinoda kucheneswa kubva utachiona.

Murabhoritari rinoitwa manyowa pamusoro Ammonium nitrite kuti senitrogen uye mvura. Kutanga maitiro, kudziyisa kunodiwa, ipapo muitiro zvakabuda pamwe Kushanduka kupisa (exothermic). Nitrogen kwakasvibiswa nouipi, saka zviri kucheneswa uye waoma.

Preparation of senitrogen iri indasitiri:

• fractional DISTILLATION emura mhepo - nzira, iyo inoshandisa zvivako zviri senitrogen uye okisijeni (yakasiyana Kubika pfungwa) panyama;
• namakemikari maitiro dzedenga rinopisa marasha;
• adsorptive gasi kuparadzana.

Kudyidzana pamwe simbi uye rehydrogen - oxidizing ehupfumi

Inertia yakasimba mamorekuru haibvumiri zvimwe rakananga kwetunhu senitrogen yeimwe. Kuti Activate maatomu zvakafanira kuti simba kudziyisa kana irradiation fuma. Nitrogen anogona sei pamwe lithium mumupanda tembiricha, pamwe magnesium, calcium yavaibvisa, maitiro unobuda chete kudziyisa. Runoenzanirana simbi nitrides vari aumba.

Nesungano pakati senitrogen pamwe rehydrogen kunoitika panguva yakakwirira tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa. Uyewo uyu muitiro kunoda nokuva gombedzero. Amoniya vakawana - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha makemikari usage. Nitrogen, somunhu oxidizing mumiririri, chinoratidza kwavo saith kunaka oxidation inoti:

• 3 (amoniya nezvimwe senitrogen yeimwe, rehydrogen - nitrides);
• -2 (hydrazine N ₂ H _4);
• -1 (hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

Chinonyanya kukosha nitride - amoniya - akagadzirira akawanda ari indasitiri. Dambudziko guru kwenguva refu yakaramba makemikari inertness kuti senitrogen. manyuko ayo mbishi zvinhu zvaiva nitrate, asi chicherwa reserves akatanga kuramba nokukurumidza chete kukura okuwana.

The kubudirira zvikuru makemikari sayenzi tsika kwave pakasikwa amoniya senitrogen Kuda kutamba unyanzvi pamusoro muindasitiri akamboona. In rinokosha mbiru ndeyokuvandudza zvakananga kwetunhu - a reversible muitiro pakati senitrogen yakawanikwa kubva mhepo uye rehydrogen. Paaisika Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu, vachambokanganwa ari zvakanyatsoenzana nazvo ichi kurutivi chigadzirwa, uchishandisa tiwedzere amoniya goho riri 97%.

Kudyidzana pamwe okisijeni - kwomuviri

Kuti tatanga zvakaitwa senitrogen uye okisijeni, unofanira kuva nesimba kudziyisa. Nhaka zvakakwana simba zvemagetsi chinhu chakakombama uye mheni zvinoerera kuti mhepo. Chinonyanya kukosha inorganic yeimwe umo senitrogen iri zvakwakanakira oxidation inoti:

• 1 (senitrogen oxide (I) N ₂ O);
• +2 (NO pamusoro senitrogen monoxide);
• 3 (senitrogen oxide (III) N ₂ O _3, HNO ₂ nitrous acid, nitrite munyu zvayo);
• 4 (senitrogen yakasviba (IV) NO _2);
• 5 (senitrogen pentoxide (V) N ₂ O _5, HNO ₃ nitric acid, nitrates).

Kukosha sezvingatarisirwa kuitika

Plants Sechipanji Ammonium ions uye nitrate anions kubva muvhu akashandiswa kwetunhu nemakemikari ose Organic mamorekuru ari mumasero kuramba achimhanya. Atmospheric senitrogen nodule mabhakitiriya anogona nezvairehwa - nemaziso masangano achiumba nodules pamusoro midzi bhinzi. Somugumisiro, boka iri miti vagamuchira zvaida bhatiri, izvozvo Anopfumisa ivhu.

Panguva madutu kuitika oxidation maitiro mumhepo senitrogen. The oxides vari ichiputswa kuumbika acids, yeimwe ava senitrogen kupinda ivhu mumvura. Nokuda ichitanga zvinhu zvakasikwa zviri kuramba kukasawedzerwa reserves yawo muvhu nechepasi, mhepo. Complex mamorekuru Organic ane senitrogen waro sezvamunoita, vari akafumuka nemabhakitiriya pamusoro inorganic zvinoriumba.

zvinobatsira

Chinonyanya kukosha senitrogen yeimwe kuti zvokurima - zvikuru soluble munyu. Kunyura miti urea nitrate (sodium, potassium, calcium yakawanda), Ammonium yeimwe (amoniya mvura, chloride, sulfate, Ammonium nitrate).
Inert ehupfumi senitrogen miti nekusagona achiwana kubva kunze achitungamirira kudiwa kuti mishonga yakawanda pagore nitrates. Zvikamu chirimwa muviri vanokwanisa kuchengeta macrocell simba "ramangwana", iro inoderedza kunaka chigadzirwa. Zvakawandisa nitrates mune muriwo nemichero zvingakonzera chepfu muvanhu, kukura nyanyisa anomera. Kuwedzera zvokurima, senitrogen yeimwe zvinoshandiswa mamwe maindasitiri:

• achigadzirira medicaments;
• makemikari kwetunhu mukuru-samolecular yeimwe;
• ari zvaAtemisi zvinoputika kubva trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• nokuti Kugadzirwa madhayi.

NO oxide anowana kushandiswa kuvhiyiwa, nefuma ane marwadzo nomugumisiro. Kurasikirwa manzwiro kana inhaled gasi akaona kuti kunyange vatsvakurudzi okutanga Nitrogen makemikari ehupfumi. Saka paiva zita zvakajairika "kuseka gasi".

The dambudziko nitrates mune zvokurima zvigadzirwa

The munyu pamusoro nitric asidhi - Nitrate - ine singly mhosva anion NO ^3-. Achiri akashandisa zita mutana boka zvinhu - Ammonium nitrate. Nitrates zvinoshandiswa isa fotereza minda, muna greenhouses, mapindu. Uyai navo mangwanani chitubu pamberi pakudyara, muzhizha - muchimiro emura feedings. By pachavo, nefuma asingadi kukuisa pangozi huru kuvanhu, asi mumuviri, vari vatendeuka kupinda nitrites, ipapo mu nitrosamines. Nitrite NO ^2- ions - chepfu nezvimedu, vanovakonzera oxidation pamusoro ferrous simbi iri Chizenga mamorekuru ari trivalent ions. In mamiriro ichi, chikuru fuma kwevanhu uye mhuka ropa haisi kukwanisa kutakura okisijeni uye kubvisa carbon dioxide inobvisa kubva munyama.

The ngozi zvikuru nitrate kusvibiswa zvokudya utano hwevanhu:

• nyanyisa mapundu zvisaitike kutendeuka nitrates kuti nitrosamines (carcinogenic);
• pave maronda colitis,
• hypotension kana neBP;
• mwoyo kutadza;
• ropa zvirwere
• maronda chiropa, rwatata uye kukura chirwere cheshuga;
• Kugadzirwa renal kukundikana;
• kupererwa, havachanyatsogoni ndangariro, hanya uye ungwaru.

Kushandiswa mawa mishonga yakasiyana makuru mishonga kuti nitrates kunotungamirira rikwanise chepfu. The anogona zvinomera, kunwa mvura, vakagadzirira-akaita nyama ndiro. Soaking mumvura yakachena uye kubika kunogona kuderedza muviri zviri nitrate zvigadzirwa. Vaongorori vakawana kuti dzakakwirira mishonga ine yeimwe ngozi kuchengetwa saibva uye girinihausi chirimwa kugadzirwa.

Phosphorus - eremendi Pnictogen

Maatomu kwemakemikari zvinhu zviri zvakafanana wehunyambiri mbiru periodic ezvinhu, kuratidza nevakawanda ehupfumi. Phosphorus iri rechitatu nguva, rinoreva boka 15, uyewo senitrogen. Structure zvinhu maatomu akafanana, asi pane misiyano ehupfumi. Nitrogen uye phosphorus kuratidza kunaka valency uye oxidation mamiriro III muna yeimwe yavo simbi uye rehydrogen.

Vazhinji phosphorus Maitiro mberi panguva zvavo tembiricha imwe mishonga kushingaira maatomu akafanana. Iri vakaita pamwe reokisijeni kuti aumbe P ₂ O ₅ yepamusoro oxide. The aqueous mhinduro iri zvinhu ane ehupfumi kuti asidhi (metaphosphoric). Nepo muchidziisa orthophosphoric asidhi inotengwa. It rinotsanangura muzvizhinji kuti mhando munyu, zvakawanda zviri zvicherwa fetiraiza Somuenzaniso superphosphates. Nitrogen uye phosphorus yeimwe vanoumba chikamu chinokosha ichitanga nyaya uye simba pamusoro yedu, kushandiswa maindasitiri, zvokurima uye mamwewo.