Kubvuta Batu Rus (zvishoma). Migumisiro nechisimba Batu kuRussia

Nechisimba Batu Rus (Century XIII) - Army nechisimba Mongol Empire munharaunda roushe yekare. chiitiko ichi akasiya yakadzika chiratidzo munhau Motherland yedu. Next, funga kuti nechisimba Batu Rus (zvishoma).

prehistory

Ndakagara refu ari Mongol feudal madzishe Batu vasati kumhuka urongwa kukunda nzvimbo Eastern Europe. Muna 1220-ies. Rakanga kuitwa dzimwe nzira mukugadzirira kukunda yemberi. Chinokosha chaiva kwidza mauto zviuru makumi matatu Jebe uye Subedeya mundima South Caucasus uye South-Eastern Europe iri 1222-24 biennium. Chinangwa chaiva chete akachenjera, achiunganidza ruzivo. Muna 1223 zvaitika panguva iyi, Hondo Kalka. Hondo yakaguma muna kukunda nokuda eMongolia. Somugumisiro mushandirapamwe remangwana vakundi akanga adzidza ramangwana Battlefields, takadzidza pamusoro masvingo uye mauto vakagamuchira mashoko nzvimbo zvemisoro pakati Rus. Kubva kune Polovtsian steppes Jebe Subedeya hondo uye akaenda Volga Bulgaria. Asi eMongolia vakakurirwa ikoko uye vakadzokera Central Asia kuburikidza steppes ose Kazakhstan ano. Kutanga nechisimba Batu kuRussia chaizvo kamwe.

Kuparadzwa kwenharaunda Ryazan

Nechisimba Batu musi Russia, muna pfupi, akanga nechinangwa pamukova uranda vanhu, kupambwa uye annexation ndima itsva. EMongolia akaonekwa kumaodzanyemba kumuganhu Ryazan weutungamiriri nezvaidiwa kubhadhara mutero kwavari. Prince Yuri akakumbira rubatsiro kubva George Mihaila Chernigovskogo uye Vladimir. Mwero Batu Ryazan embasi rakaparadzwa. The Grand Duke akatungamirira mauto ake, uye Murom echiShinto pamuganhu kurwa, asi kurwa chakarasika. Kuti abatsire Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich akatuma Union mauto. Paiva echiShinto mwanakomana wake Vsevolod, vanhu Jeremiah vatongi Glebovich, Novgorod mauto. hondo iyi akabatana nemauto vakadzokera shure kubva Ryazan. The guta akawira pashure pokukomba-zuva matanhatu. Sent regiments aifanira kurwisa zvisingaiti pedyo Kolomna, asi vakakundwa.

Results rokutanga hondo

Kutanga nechisimba Batu Rus kwakaratidzwa nokuparadzwa kwete chete Ryazan, asi kuparadzwa yose weutungamiriri. The eMongolia akakunda Pronsk, akakunda Prince Oleg I Ryazan. Nechisimba Batu kuRussia (musi hondo yokutanga pamusoro apa) pamwe kuparadzwa mumaguta akawanda nemisha. Saka eMongolia vakaparadza Belgorod Ryazan. guta rino harina vakazochinja yakadzorerwa. Tula vaongorori kuona pamwe kugarwa murwizi bhendi, pedyo nomusha Beloroditsa (16 km kubva ano Venev). It rakaparadzwa pasi uye Voronezh Ryazan. Matongo eguta dzakanga dongo kwemazana emakore anoverengeka. Chete muna 1586 iri nzvimbo yokugara zvakanzi yakavakwa nhare. EMongolia akaparadza uye zvakarurama rinozivikanwa guta Dedoslavl. Dzimwe nyanzvi kuona pamwe kugarwa pedyo nomusha Dedilovo, kurudyi kumahombekombe erwizi. SHAT.

An kurwiswa Vladimir uye Suzdal

Pashure pokukundwa yacho Ryazan nyika nechisimba Batu kuRussia zvakanga ambomiswa zvishoma. Apo eMongolia vavamba Vladimir-Suzdal nyika, ivo pakarepo akabatwa echiShinto Evpatii Kolovrat - Ryazan boyar. With ichi Ndakashamiswa kukupfura akakwanisa kurova zvisingaiti, kwaiitwa inorema kurasikirwa. January 20, 1238, pashure pokukomba-zuva mashanu, Moscow akawira. Kudzivirira guta vaiva Vladimir (mwanakomana worugotwe George) Firipi mukoti. Panotangira matatu kukupfura yakadonha Moscow kukupfura, maererano zvinyorwa, aiva Shiban. Yuri Vsevolodovich, kutamira kuchamhembe Sit River, akatanga vatore kukupfura itsva, apo vakamirira vavabatsire kubva Svyatoslav uye Yaroslav (nehama dzake). In mangwanani February 1238-ndipo DEVI Vladimir pashure imwe kukombwa masere-zuva. It akauraya mhuri Prince George. In chete February, kunze Vladimir akawira maguta akadai Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, Galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl . Vakanga akabatwa uye Novgorod namafuro Portage Lamsky uye Vologda.

Mamiriro ari Volga nharaunda

Nechisimba Batu kuRussia aida chaizvo. Kuwedzera zvinokosha, ivo eMongolia vakanga zvishoma simba. Tichibatsirwa azvino nepfari chaiitirwa of Volga nharaunda. Secondary mauto inotungamirwa Burundai kwevhiki nhatu akafukidza kaviri daro pane huru Mongolian mauto munguva kukombwa Torzhok uye Tver, uye vakabva Uglich kuna River City. Vladimirskie echiShinto havana nguva yokugadzirira kundorwa, takakombwa uye kuparadzwa zvachose. Chikamu vigilantes akabatwa. Asi panguva uye eMongolia zvakaipisisa varasikirwa. Center Jaroslav zvinhu akarara zvakananga mugwara eMongolia akasimudzira kuna Novgorod kubva Vladimir. Pereslavl-Zaleski akatorwa kwemazuva mashanu. Akafa munguva kubatwa pamusoro Tver, mumwe wavanakomana Prince Yaroslav (zita rake harina hwaponeswa). YaMakoronike dzisina mashoko pamusoro kuita Hondo muGuta Novgorod. No kutaurwa pamusoro chero Yaroslav zviito. Vamwe vanotsvakurudza kazhinji simbisa kuti kununura rubatsiro Torzhok Novgorod haana kutuma.

Zvakabuda kupambwa ari Volga nyika

Wezvenhau Tatishchev, kureva mugumisiro yehondo, akavhomora pfungwa yokuti kuti Nokurasikirwa iri vezvikwata zviri eMongolia kakawanda zvave kupfuura wokuRussia. Zvisinei, Tatars hunoumbwa kwavari tichiregeredza vasungwa. Vaiva panguva iyoyo yakanga kupfuura nechisimba pachavo. Saka, somuenzaniso storming pamusoro Vladimir akatanga chete pashure chikwata vadzoka kubva eMongolia pasi vasungwa Suzdal.

kudzivirira Kozelsk

Nechisimba Batu kuRussia kubva pakutanga March 1238 wokutanga wakaitwa musi chaicho urongwa. Apinza Torzhok residues yokuzviparadzanisa Burundi, kubatana pamwe huru vehondo, pakarepo ikava inowanzorimwa. Invaders Novgorod haana asvika vanenge 100 mamaira. mabhuku akasiyana vari shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana ichi dzoro. Vamwe vakati chikonzero chaiva patsime nyungudika, vamwe - kutyisidzira nenzara. Chero nzira, nechisimba varwi Batu akaenda Russia, asi mune zvimwe.

Zvino vokuAsia vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Huru yokuzviparadzanisa akapfuura kumabvazuva Smolensk (30 km kubva muguta), uye akaita rurege munyika Dolgomostya munyika. pane uchapupu rimwe mabhuku kuti eMongolia vakakurirwa uye vakatiza. Pashure paizvozvo, huru bato vatamira kumaodzanyemba. Pano nechisimba Russia aizivikanwa nechisimba Batu Khan iri papi Chernigov nyika, ichipfuta Vshchizh, riri pedyo napedyo kuti nechepakati kumatunhu hugota. Maererano mashoko kumwe, maererano nezviitiko izvi akauraya 4 mwanakomana Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha. Zvadaro, chikuru ehondo eMongolia vakatendeukira payakakurudzirwa kumabvazuva. Kurova Karachev uye Bryansk, Tatars vakabata Kozelsk. Eastern Group, Zvichakadai, kwakaitika Muchirimo 1238 ndipo pedo Ryazan. Akatungamirira mauto vaiva Buri uye Kadan. In Kozelsk panguva iyoyo ushe Basil --makore 12 muzukuru Mstislav Sviatoslavovych. Hondo nokuti guta yakatora kwevhiki nomwe. By May 1238 mapoka maviri vakanga vakabatana pasi eMongolia Kozelsk uye vakaritora mazuva matatu, kunyange vane rinorema varasikirwa.

zvimwe zviitiko

Nechisimba Russia Batu Khan nepakati remakore rechi13 vakatanga kutora nguva dziri kure. The eMongolia vakapinda chete wokumusoro munyika, panguva kudzvinyirira yokumukira muna Kipchak inowanzorimwa uye Volga nharaunda. In zvemadzimambo, iri panoperera nyaya danidziro okumusoro-okumabvazuva nendima, zvinoreva kuti akadzikama kuti akaperekedza nechisimba Batu Rus ( "Gore Rugare" - pamwe 1238 ne 1239-fung). Pashure ake October 18, 1239 ndipo rakakombwa uye akatorwa chernihiv. Pashure pokuwa guta eMongolia vakatanga chinopambwa uye kuparadza nzvimbo achitevedza Desna uye Sejm. Nokuriita vakaparadza vaiva Rylsk, Vyr, Glukhov, Putivl, Gomiy.

Kungofamba mundima iri Dnieper

Kuti abatsire uto Mongolian muzvirongwa Trans-Caucasus, takaendeswa kune muviri inotungamirwa Bukdaem. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1240. Panguva iyoyo nguva, anosarudza kutumira Batu Munch, The Tempest uye Guyuk musha. Mauto asara regrouped, achiwedzera kuti ishandiswe nhapwa povolzhtsev wechipiri Polovtsian. Akatevera mirayiridzo akava nharaunda rworudyi kumahombekombe Dnieper. Vazhinji vavo (Kyiv, Volyn, Galician uye, anofungidzirwa, Turov-Pinsk kwavabati) muna 1240 kwaiva kuunza pamwe chete pasi pesimba Daniel uye cornflowers - Vanakomana Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn gavhuna). Chokutanga, muchifunga pachavo havana kupikisa eMongolia akaenda hwokuwa nechisimba Hungary. Anofungidzirwa chinangwa Daniel akanga kubvunza namambo weBhera VI chinobatsira inoodza kudenha pakati Tatars.

Migumisiro nechisimba Batu kuRussia

Somugumisiro ari fuza yaingopambwa pakati eMongolia vakauraya vazhinji vanogara mamiriro wacho. It vakaparadza zvakawanda huru neduku nemisha. Sezvineiwo sei chernihiv, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev. Anosiyiwa vaiva muPskov, Veliky Novgorod, guta Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk uye Suzdal zvemisoro. Somugumisiro nechisimba tsika namagariro pfupi guru akatambura irreparable kukuvara. Kwemakumi emakore mumaguta anenge zvachose okuvaka ibwe rakaguma. Uyezve, raanoziva kuoma zvakadai akanyangarika sezvo nezvishongo kugadzira magirazi, zviyo firimu, mobile, cloisonne, kudiridza polychrome zvedongo. Russia lags yekudyidzana shure kwayo kukura. It kwakaregwa emakore anoverengeka akapfuura. Zvino Western chikwata indasitiri akakura ari padariro chinyakare kuwanda, Russian webasa akanga zvakare wakaitwa rimwe chikamu munhau pamusoro nzira zvakaitwa pamberi nechisimba Batu.

On kumaodzanyemba nyika vagara vakawanda akanyangarika anenge zvachose. Kupona vagari akaenda musango kuchamhembe-mabvazuva, Vakazopinda pakati Oka uye Volga, North. Munzvimbo idzi, yave iri kutonhora ekunze uye rakaorera nevhu dzakadai kumaodzanyemba kunzvimbo, kuparadzwa uye yakaparadzwa eMongolia. Dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana vakanga raitungamirwa Tatars. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, pakanga pasina kutaurirana pakati Russia uye dzimwe mhiri kwemakungwa nyika. budiriro Socio-mune zvemari zviri Yababa munhoroondo munguva vari yakaderera chaizvo chechetere.

Maererano muchiuto venhoroondo

Vanotsvakurudza cherechedza kuti nedanho inotungamirwa uye kwemapazi ranged zviumbu uye regiments inorema emauto, izvo unyanzvi zvakananga ichivhuvhuta nematemo, ikaputsanya Russia pakarepo mushure nechisimba Batu. Panguva iyi, kwaiva kubatana pakati mashandiro ari chiso chete murwi ishe. Akamanikidzwa kupfura uta uye panguva imwecheteyo kurwa nomunondo, nepfumo. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti kunyange chete vapfumi, feudal mauto Russian wayo kukura kwakaregwa kuti vaviri emakore akapfuura. Yenhau dzisina mashoko nezvokuvapo yoga inifanduri dzakabatana. Izvi zvinonzwisisika. Nokuti inotungamirwa avo vaida vanhu vanoda kuputsa kubva kugadzirwa kutengesa ropa ravo kuti mari. Uye zvoupfumi ezvinhu umo makanga Rus naemnichestvo zvakanga zvinodhura zvikuru.