International anatomical Nomenclature: tsananguro, zvazviri uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Nhengo imwe neimwe mumuviri womunhu ane zita. Munhu wose anoziva kuti, asi vashoma vamwe kupfuura kuvarapi vanhu, vachiziva kuti ose Dimple, ano, rusesi kana buri kodzero "nicknames". Pakutanga panzira anatomi aiva rairatidza nesayenzi pane akatevedzana "Ndinoona, I nziyo", saka kuwa nerimwe pasi ruoko chezvinonhuwira vanachiremba akatumidza zita idzva.

Kare, kuti mutauro vakasarudzwa kukurukura imwe nyanzvi yokurapa ezvinhu ava Latin. hapana chikonzero kutsanangura, asi nei akagara kudaro refu munyika masayendisiti - - Nei izvi zvichiitika chakavanzika kunyange "simba vanoshandisa" mishonga ezvinhu. Zvichida kubva tsika.

tsananguro

Nomenclature - rinobva muchiLatin shoko "pasi". Kutaura zvazviri, mitambo iyi mashoko, mazita uye dzinokosha pfungwa zvinoshandiswa chero davi zivo. Kuti zvakanaka kuti zvakakodzera kushandisa kupatsanura hurongwa.

Anatomical Nomenclature ndiyo kwegadziriro mashoko ari muchiLatin, iyo kunan'anura dzomuviri, nhengo kana zvimedu dzaro. Govera nyika Nomenclature, iyo kazhinji akaita mutauro National, kwatiri - yokuRussia uye dzakawanda, akaurayiwa Latin.

The kwaita anatomical Nomenclature

Anatomical Nomenclature akaita yakabuda Somugumisiro kuunganidza ruzivo womunhu pamusoro muviri yavo. Pane imwe nguva, pane kudiwa systematize iripo mashoko zvose panguva iyoyo. Kunyange zvazvo Nomenclature ndokukweverwazve kumusoro muchiLatin, pane mashoko akawanda kuti vari midzi Greek uye Arabic. Izvi imhaka kukura mushonga kuMabvazuva.

Tsanangudzo yokutanga chaizvo akazviratidza anenge zviuru zvishanu apfuura muGirisi yekare. Vakaonekwa pano neapo uye kwaienderana chete pamusoro zvokufungidzira uye akataura anatomist. Panguva iyoyo, vanachiremba vaiziva vanenge mazana manomwe mazita. VaRoma pavakakunda Greece uye akashandura nharaunda yose ive umambo, vakagamuchira tsika uye nokubudirira mune zvesayenzi, achiwedzera yakatarwa yayo mazwi muchiLatin.

The chikuru dziva izvi pfungwa, uyewo avo chikuru kupatsanura zvinganaka anatomist uye chiremba Claudius Gallen. Nokuda kuwanda yematemu muCentral uye Northern Europe, itsva shoko nezvimiro, VaNefirimu uye barbarisms kuti dzinoratidza mitauro zviri munharaunda. A kuwedzera anoreva zvakafanana pakati mazita anatomical chamuita kuti nyonganyonga uye yaiva mhaka wokutsauka.

The chiitiko XIX remakore Nomenclature

Anatomical Nomenclature yakatanga tichimhanya-mhanya muna Florence ari XV remakore hakuna kwakajeka Artist Leonardo da Vinci. Akaita kuedza systematize mazita tsandanyama dzomuviri womunhu, sezvinoita kupatsanura uchishandisa basa ravo. Papera chinguva, pashure pokufa da Vinci, Vesalius akaedza kubatsira sequencing kunovhengana uye bvisa pazviri tsanangudzo vechiArabhu uye zvaitambidzwa zvose mashoko vatorwa dzenhoroondo Latin.

Pasinei neizvi zvose, pakazopera nemisere remakore, paiva mazita vanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu. Chokwadi, nhamba yavo vaifanira kuderedzwa. Henle uye Owen vachichinja yavo mazwi uye pfungwa akatanga zvakadai ndege uye namasanhu. Pakupedzisira, basa rinokosha, izvo mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore yakanga chinogamuchirika, avo maonero, mazita okuti akasikwa muGermany. Akagamuchira rakakodzera zita - muBasel anatomical Nomenclature.

mazwi Key

International anatomical Nomenclature chakavakirwa duku boka mashoko ari zvinowanzoshandiswa. Izvi Shoko zvinosanganisira buri, mugero, muhomba outgrowth muforo pamusoro zvinoenderana, pamuuyo uye zvakafanana. Vari zvinodiwa kutsanangura pakuonekwa nhengo kana mamiriro. With mufananidzo kweshoko aibatanidza adjectives zvakadai guru, diki, denderedzwa, rwakapoteredza, yakatetepa, rakafara, mativi, uye zvichingodaro. D. Vanobatsira kunzwisisa anatomical hurongwa nani.

mashoko anoshandiswa kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu:

• lateral (iri mberi kubva pakati);
• medial (pedyo pakati);
• cranial (pedyo musoro);
• caudal (pedyo pasi);
• proximal (pedyo nepakati);
• distal (kurutivi arikunze).

Kune Chokwadi, zvakawanda mazwi wamuchangobva kudzidza, nekuti haugoni natsiridza sei vanodanwa kuti nzira uye kwete zvimwe.

Akabatana uye ndege

Muna August 1997, chokupedzisira zuva anatomical Nomenclature akabvumirwa. Akabatana uye ndege, anorondedzera nzvimbo mitumbi, akasarudza kushandisa zvakafanana mune Cartesian rinoronga hurongwa.

Kune akabatana vatatu muviri:

• mira;
• sagittal;
• chinjikira.

Ndivo perpendicular kune mumwe. The mira akabatana ichipfuura nomuviri womunhu uye runoparadzanisa kuva mberi uye zvikamu rwemberi. Sagittal ane mberi musana negwara uye anokamura muviri kupinda kurudyi nekuruboshwe mativi. The chinjikira ndege zvinofambirana rubatsiro. Sagittal uye transverse nematemo vanogona kupedza vamwe, uye kutwasuka - chete chete.

Paris uye muBasel anatomical Nomenclature

Paris anatomical Nomenclature ndiko kushanda nhasi dzakawanda chiridzwa. Chakagamuchirwa nepakati maviri remakore, panguva yeChitanhatu International Congress of Anatomists. Zvakange dzakabudirira pachishandiswa yapfuura Nomenclature. Gwaro iri kutorwa sehwaro vaigadzirira yenyika mazwi.

Apfuura, Nomenclature wokutanga rakagamuchirwa muna 1895, muna German anatomical muvanhu musangano muBasel, iyo vakagamuchira kuzivikanwa dzakawanda. Mariri zvaibva mashoko anoratidza peDare namasanhu uye ndege.

Russian anatomical Nomenclature

Sezvo zvazvainge kuRussia? Anatomical Nomenclature munhu munyika yedu kuumba kutanga kusvika pakati nemisere remakore. Panguva iyoyo nyika yakatanga kubuda mabhuku vezvokurapa vari Russian. Batsirawo Kuti kukura mazwi kuti zvakadai vakakurumbira anatomists sezvo Zybelin, Ambodik - Maksimovic, Zagorski nevamwe. The hakubatsiri mukusimudzira Nomenclature dzakawanda ndorwevaya Shein, uyo akashandura mumutauro wokuGermany mururimi rwavo.

Zvinokwanisika yokusuma zvakawanda mazwi Russian hwezuva nezuva zvokurapa pakutaura. Ivo zvakasiyana Latin kuti vakanga anonzwisisika uye musoro. Uye kunze, hazvina zvinoda zivo Latin kunzwisisa zvinokosha yakaitwa. Rinokosha nzvimbo kukwidziridzwa kutamba Nomenclature "Glossary pamusoro anatomical mashoko," rakabudiswa muna 1928.

Munguva Soviet ari anatomical Nomenclature rakagamuchirwa muna 1949 pagungano All-Union Congress of Anatomists. Uye muna 1956, rakazoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye Paris Nomenclature.

Eponyms uye atavism

Latin - mumwe mutauro akafa, saka akawana anachronisms uye atavism. Hakuna Kusara uye anatomical Nomenclature. mazwi Key inogona akasika kushandisa mubatanidzwa emazita pamwe adjectives, uyewo Misiyano mazano aya ari zviitiko. Uwandu mashoko - vanenge zviuru zvinomwe. Vamwe vavo kuitika kamwe chete, zvakadai se "kwakandionza buri", "keel", "filtrum". Asi ichi ndicho chete kutanga. Rangarirai mazita miviri kana zvinoriumba yavo - chete chigadzikiso, unofanira kunzwisisa sei vari papi hama kune mumwe, uye chii chinosara rinoitwa. Mune Nomenclature pakati Directories usazvinyora.

Pasinei nokuti mazwi anogona kuonekwa nguva dzose, uye kubva akabvisa zvisingakoshi kuvaka, uchiri dzimwe nguva akawana mubatanidzwa zvinoshamisa kuti anogona uninitiated anotsausa. Mienzaniso iyo anganzi "mhasuru vanozvikudza" vagus tsinga ephippium uye nevamwe.

Prints

Anatomical Nomenclature, sezvo mutemo, wakabudiswa muchimiro mabhuku kana netubhuku, umo mashoko okuti dzinopiwa mumitauro inoverengeka. Kazhinji ndiwo mitauro Latin uye nyika, dzakadai Russian. Rakanyorwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda chaiwo dzomunyika mashoko, uye kodzero nouya yavo mumwe mutauro. Mukuwedzera, pamavambo ebhuku iri mazita nevakawanda mashoko avo abbreviations, kuti zvive nyore kufamba.

Mashoko ose uye zvirevo zviri kurongwa muzvikwata, ichiratidza hierarchical nzvimbo yavo. Pakutanga vari nenhengo dzawo, ipapo maitiro nomumwe mukati munhu Category Sub-mapoka, uye ipapo kuvhuna chibvumirano neimwe inotungamirwa. akanyatsorongwa Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa Fonts kuchinja, nhamba kana nearufabheti ciphers, uye kuchinja munzvimbo rokuti pamusara.

Kune Shanduro anatomical Nomenclature, izvo panguva kuratidza mashoko ari mumitauro mitatu kana kupfuura. Mubatanidzwa zvinogona akasiyana chaizvo, asi mutauro Latin ruripo, uye vamwe vakasara kusvikira manakiro Muvambi, uyewo anofunga zvinodiwa okutengesa pamusika. Kana iri nyika European kuti inotongwa Chirungu, French uye German. In Asia - Chinese kana Japanese.