Kepler Johann: biography, mabasa, zvakawanikwa

Kuonekwa kwehupenyu hwekudenga hweNikolaus Copernicus ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvakaitika apo vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakadana shanduko yesayenzi yezana remakore rechi16 ne17. Muchirevo chebhuku rake, paakaisa chirevo ichi, chirevo chikuru chakanyatsocherechedza kusakanganisika kwaro, zvichiratidza kuti basa rake raingova nzira yekutsvaga nzira yekugadzirisa masvomhu kuverenga mukuongorora nyeredzi. Kufanirwa kwekushandura mufananidzo weCopernican wezvinhu zvose kuva chokwadi chisina kujeka ndeyemasayendisiti mukuru wechiGermany ainzi Kepler. Johann akaita zvakawanda kudarika chero ani zvake mukuru panguva imwechete: akazivisa kuuya kwechimiro chitsva chevanhu munyika - musayendisiti anonyatsoziva zvisikwa.

Comet - chirevo chekugadzirira kukuru

Muchidimbu nyanzvi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, makaniki, nyanzvi yezvokurapa akaberekwa musi waDecember 27, 1571 mumhuri ine urombo, muguta reWeil, mudunhu reWürttemberg, muchikamu cheS Swabian cheGermany. Paakanga ava nemakore mashanu, mukuru wemhuri - mutungamiri wenyika Heinrich Kepler - akaenda kuhondo kuHolland. Johann haana kumbomuona zvakare. Amai vake, Katarina, vakanga vari mukunda weimba yeimba yeimba, vaine mishonga nemafuta, izvo zvaida kumubhadhara pashure. Aine mari shoma, akaita zvose kuti awane dzidzo yakanaka.

Chinhu chinonakidza, zvichida kugadzirisa mugumo wose, ine bhaibheri raJohannes Kepler pakutanga kwayo. Catharina Kepler akaratidza comet ane makore matanhatu Johann, uye makore matatu gare gare - muna 1580 - kupera kwemwedzi. Nyeredzi inofamba ichifamba usiku hwekudenga, uye Luna, kuchinja mafambiro mberi kwemaziso, yakaita pfungwa yekuziva pamusoro pemukomana anofungisisa. Zvichida zvino chido chake chekuchera kusvika kune zvikonzero zvezvaive zvichiitika zvakaberekwa?

Nyanzvi yezvechitendero, mutsigiri weCopernicus

Paaiva achiri muduku, Johann akarwara nechirwere chechibhokisi chakakonzera kutadza kwake. Nokudaro, akakura mumuviri asina simba uye anorwadza. Nemhaka yeizvi, zvakamutora nguva yakawanda kupfuura vezera kuti vawane dzidzo yekondari. Panguva imwe cheteyo Kepler kupinda muYunivhesiti yeTübingen yakasimudzirwa nevakuru vakuru veguta, avo vakaona hukuru hwakakosha hwaJohannes Kepler. Nhoroondo shoma yemasayendisiti kubva muna 1591 kusvika muna 1594 inonyanya kuwedzerwa ruzivo mune imwe yezvidzidzo zvepamusoro zveEuropean.

Kepler hupenyu hwake hwose waiva munhu anonamata zvakanyanya uye akatendesa Chipurotesitendi. Nokudaro, akanga achigadzirira kuva mupirisita uye akapinda mubato rezvechitendero. Ichokwadi, zvisati zvaitika kuti akanga apinda kirasi mune masvomhu uye nyeredzi, achiva Master of Arts - ndiyo ndiyo chaiyo iyo sciences chaiyo yakadanwa panguva iyoyo. Pakati pevadzidzisi vake ndiye aitsigira hutongi hwematongerwo enyika Michael Meestlin. Pasi pesimba rehurukuro dzake, Kepler anova muparidzi anogutsikana wepfungwa iyi. Johann akaedza kufunga zvakasikwa nezveCopernicus, asi aisawanzogadzirisa mhedziso yakarurama.

The Kepler Cup

Chirongwa chaJohann chokuva mupristi chakadziviswa nekukoka kwake kuti ave mudzidzisi wemasvomhu paYunivhesiti yeGraz (1594). Kunyange zvazvo chivimbo chake chekuteerera nzira yekushumira Mwari chakanga chakakwana, bhuku raJohannes Kepler rinova biography yemusayendisiti-muongorori, uyo anomira pachikuva chedziso iyo yakaramba Ptolemaic (geostationary) muenzaniso wepasi.

Ari muHarz, ari kushanda mukutsvaga masvomhu inonzwisisana mune imwe shanduro yezuva uye anoparadzira bhuku rinonzi "My Mystery of the Universe" (1596). I "Kepler Cup" yakava chiratidzo chekuonekwa kwemashoko akaparidzirwa nesayenzi mubhuku rino. Yakanga iri mitatu yemasikirwo emagetsi ezuva, umo chiedza chiri muCopernican nenzira mukati, asi mapuraneti emapuraneti ari kumativi ose anopiwa neKepler ane zvinhu zvePlatoic miviri - cubes, mabhola uye polyhedra nguva dzose. Muchizivo masvomhu aifungidzirwa panguva iyoyo seunyanzvi - uyu muenzaniso wakanga wakanaka kwazvo, kunyange zvazvo zvachose kusina kururama.

Mutezo wakakodzera panguva yakaitwa

Kepler anotumira bhuku rake kune masayendisiti akakwirira zvikuru eEurope, kusanganisira Galileo uye Dane Tycho Brahe, uyo aiva dare rezvenyeredzi muPrague. Kuramba Kepler yakakonzerwa kuwirirana kwemaitiro emhando, vose masayendisiti vanokoshesa zvikuru basa remudiki wemasvomhu uye nyanzvi yemapurisa. Ichokwadi, kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Galileo akabvumira nzira yehupenyu, uye Brahe akafarira ushingi uye kutanga kwekufunga kwake. Dane akadana Kepler kuPrague.

Kubva kwaJohnn kuPrague kwaifambiswa nemamiriro akawanda. Pakati pavo - maitiro akaoma uye maitiro aKepler (akaroorwa, asi mudzimai wechidiki akarwara nekufa uye akazofa) uye kutambudzwa kwakatanga kwevaPurotesitendi neChechi yeKaturike, yakanzi yakatsauka uye Johannes Kepler. Nhoroondo shoma yemasayendisiti munguva yekupedzisira yekugara kwake muHarz izere nekutyisidzirwa uye kumanikidzwa kwaari sevatsigiri vezvinyorwa zvenhema.

Muna 1600, Kepler anosvika muPrague, iyo nzvimbo inobereka zvibereko zvikuru muupenyu hwake inotanga.

Kepler muPrague. The Heritage

Nguva pfupi mushure mokutanga kwebasa rekubatana, Brahe asingatarisiri akafa, achisiya Kepler nhoroondo dzekucherechedza kwezvinhu zvenyika uye nzvimbo yedare rekuongorora nyanzvi uye nyanzvi. Imakore gumi, yakabatwa naKepler muPrague, pasi pezvose zvaakakwanisa kubudirira mune zvesayenzi, yakaitwa mune zvekudenga, physics, uye mathematics.

Mune nyanzvi yekudenga, Kepler akaisa urongwa hwokupedzisira nemafungiro ekufambisa kwemapuraneti ezuva. Kuti anzwisise zvakawanikwa naJohannes Kepler, vanhu venguva yake vanogona kubva mubhuku guru resainzi - "New astronomy" (1609). Mariri uye mubasa rekupedzisira Harmony of the World (1618), mitemo mitatu yekudenga yekudenga yakagadzirwa. Yokutanga yakataura pamusoro pehupenyu hwemapurogiramu emapuraneti mumamiriro e-ellipse neSuva mune chimwe chezvinhu zvinotarisa, wechipiri nechechitatu chakatsanangura kukurumidza kwekufamba kwepasi pedo nemugwagwa uye nzira dzekuyera. Mukuwedzera, Kepler akarondedzera supernova, yakaumbwa mahwendefa chaiwo ekudenga uye akashanda kuenderera mberi nyeredzi nemakungwa kune vanoongorora nyeredzi.

Mathematics ndiyo yakashandiswa zvikuru naKepler mubasa rake. Johann mubhuku rake "The New Stereometry of Wine Barrels" (1615) inoratidza nzira dzekuwana muviri wezviviri zvekuvandudza, inoisa nheyo dze matanalysis uye integral calculus. Pakati peKepler yemasvomhu inowanikwa ndiro tafura yelogarithms, pfungwa itsva - "arithmetic inoreva" uye "kure kure".

Kepler akaisa pfungwa ye "inertia" mukushandiswa kwesayenzi, kutaura nezvekuvapo kwezvisikwa zvechido chemiviri yakabatana yekubatana, yakasvika pedo nekuwanikwa kwemurairo wepasi rose. Kwenguva yokutanga akatsanangura chikonzero chemasvingo egungwa uye simba remwedzi, akarondedzera zvikonzero zvemyopia, uye akawedzera teresikopu yakakwana.

Makore apfuura. Memory

Muna 1615 Kepler akamanikidzwa kuva gweta raamai vake, achipomerwa nouroyi. Akanga achityisidzirwa nokupisa pamatanda, asi Johann akakwanisa kumugonesa.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Kepler akamanikidzwa kutsvaga tsime rakavimbika kutsigira mhuri yake, uye parwendo rwokuenda kumambo akanga ane chikwereti kwaari, akafira muguta reRiensburg muna 1630.

Zita raKepler nhasi nderimwe pfungwa huru kune idzo pfungwa dzacho dziri pamusana pezvino zvesayenzi uye zvekugadzira kubudirira. Zita rake ndiro zita re asteroid, chikwata pamwedzi, gori rekare uye nzvimbo yekucherechedza nzvimbo, nerubatsiro rwenyika itsva inoonekwa, yakafanana mumamiriro ezvinhu pasi uye inonziwo Kepler.