Kakasaririra zvirimwa. Types kakasaririra miti

Zvisaririra - vari zvinenge akachengetedzwa munyika mune dzimwe nzvimbo kubva kare, pasinei nokuchinja zvinhu kuvapo. Ndivo vakasara mapoka amadzitateguru, izvo zvakapararira kare Geological epochs. Shoko "kakasaririra" rinobva muchiLatin reliquus, izvo zvinoreva kuti "kuzorora."

Relict zvirimwa nemhuka munokosha zvikuru yesayenzi. Ndivo Vatakuri mashoko uye anogona kuva zvakawanda nezvoUmambo kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu zvekare eras. Ngatitore kuziva chirimwa zvinenge semhosva yakakura kakasaririra.

Geographical kakasaririra miti

Nenzvimbo relict marudzi zvinomera anochengetwa imwe nharaunda sezvo vakasara yakapfuura Geological epochs umo zvinhu chokuvapo zvakasiyana zvikuru kubva nhasi. Saka, nokuti Neogene (tertiary) zvinoera zvinosanganisira dondo Anoumba miti (Chestnut, zelkova, uye vashoma vamwe), nhamba miti yakasvibira nemiti (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, Ruscus aculeatus, zvikwenzi pontic and said.), Uye uswa miti Kolkhida. Uyu nokururamisira kupisa-rudo mhando kakasaririra zvinomera, saka vari vakaramba munzvimbo dzine inodziya mumamirire ekunze.

Mienzaniso glacial relicts vari cinquefoil Marsh, inokura kuCaucasus, uye Birch zvipfupi, rachengetedzwa Central Europe.

Phylogenetic relicts (zvipenyu zvisaririra)

Izvi huripo pari zvipenyu ndezvaJehovha taxa, potse zvachose yakatotsakatika mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Vanochengetwa, sezvinoita mutemo, nokuda voga avo dzinogarisana siyana kubva kupfuura mberi mapoka. By phylogenetic kakasaririra miti anosanganisira seginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, Welwitschia.

Ginkgo

Relict muti, mumwe mukuru Panyika. Kudzidza Zvisaririra specimens anoratidza kuti Ginkgo zera haasi makore asingasviki mamiriyoni 200. Ivo akazviratidza pakutanga Late Permian, uye nepakati Jurassic anokura kare kanenge 15 genera Ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba ) - chete kwemarudzi zvichengeteke kusvikira. Zviri Deciduous chirimwa isiri gymnosperms. kukwirira kwayo kuri 40 mamita. Miti vanoonekwa ne zvakanaka dzakabudirira midzi, husingakwanisi mamiriro rwakashata ekunze, kunyanya kune mhepo yakasimba. Pane zviitiko kuti asvika pazera 2.5 zviuru. Years.

Nekuti kunze Ginkgo gymnosperms vaiva nemipaini uye spruce, kare vaiona chirimwa edu ndezvomunhu vanoondoroka, kunyange yakasiyana zvikuru kwavari. Zvisinei, kuti zuva, pane mazano kuti madzitateguru ndivo yekare Ginkgo mbeu ferns.

Vamboona izvi zvinonzi zvipenyu zvisaririra aigona chete kuva China uye Japan. Asi nhasi, chirimwa vazvinorimirwa mumapaki uye botanical nemapindu kuNorth America uye subtropical mapazi muEurope.

Metasequoia

Rinoreva genus pamusoro Conifers Cypress mhuri. Pari, pane chete kakasaririra akachengetedzwa - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). zvirimwa kwakapararira izvi rudzi vaiva mumasango ari Northern Hemisphere. Vakatanga kufa nokuda kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye makwikwi kubva pakufara-leaved miti. Kurarama specimens muti uyu kwakawanikwa 1943. Vasati kuti, Metasequoia rinowanikwa chete ari muchimiro zvisaririra uye kwainzi nokutsakatika.

To musi, izvi kakasaririra zvirimwa anochengetwa musango chete mumaruwa Sichuan uye hubei (nechepakati China) uye vanobatanidzwa mune International Red Book, nokuti vava kuda kutsakatika.

Nemhaka kuyevedza Metasequoia hwakakura mu minda nemapaki Central Asia, Ukraine, Crimea, kuCaucasus, uyewo Canada, United States, uye munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) ndowenyika genus maruva miti Aptingievye mhuri kusanganisira zvipenyu shanu. Kwakapararira date kakasaririra miti vaiva Tertiary munguva. Chinokonzera kutsakatika kwavo Europe yakanga hombe chando panguva Ice Age. Climate change uye vakabatsira kunyangarika kwemarudzi kubva North America uye kuFar East.

Today Liquidambar chinowanzoitwa North America, Europe uye Asia.

Vano- guru Deciduous miti kuti vachikura 25-40 metres, pamwe palmate-lobed mashizha uye maruva maduku, vakaungana globular Inflorescence. Michero ine Woody chitarisiko mabhokisi ane, mukati umo pane muzvizhinji mbeu.

equisetum

zvinoera izvi - iri chirimwa genus kuti vascular akachengetedzwa vazhinji uye vaverengwa panguva ino zvipenyu anenge 30. zvino mhando All varikukura perennial rekushongedzesa. Kukwirira inogona kukura kusvika mamita anoverengeka. Mhando chikuru hofori horsetail (Equisetum giganteum). Kana dhayamita ari hunde, kusapfuudza 0,03 m, unogona kusvika vaifanira kukwirira 12 mamita. Kukura hofori horsetail kuChile, Mexico, Peru uye Cuba. Pane kunowedzerawo uye simba kupfuura chimiro - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). Pamusangano nekukwirira 2 mamita dhayamita ndiyo masendimita 10.

Madzinde horsetails dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira kuomarara, izvo akatsanangura nokuvapo silica. Plants vanewo dzakabudirira zvakasimba Midzi pamwe adventitious midzi panguva nodes kuburikidza izvo husingakwanisi zvikuru siyana yaivhuvhuta zvinhu uye anogona kunyange Achapedza womusango. Horsetails yakatekeshera mumakondinendi dzakawanda, kunze Australia uye ndiye Antarctica chete.

Wollemi

Pine relict muti aimiririra chete mhando - Wollemi vanokudzwa (Wollémia hepatica). Zviri remabhuku zvinomera. Inokura kare Jurassic munguva. Chirimwa Vaifunga kuti yakatotsakatika kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, muna 1994, ari Wollemi yakawanikwa nomumwe vashandi National Park yokuAustralia naDavid Noble, uyo nokukudzwa uye ainzi maonero (hepatica - "vanokudzwa"). It akawanikwa rinenge rose relict dzotswa. Age miti ekare kuwanikwa ndiyo zvichipomerwa makore anopfuura 1000.

Wollemi muti zvakakwirira zvikuru. Saka, zvinogona kusvika 35-40 mamita. Mashizha zvirimwa vari zvachose kufanana mashizha Agatis Jurassic, pane anenge mamiriyoni 150 apfuura uye nokuzvikudza tateguru Zvisaririra Wollemi kubva mukunopera Jurassic nguva.

sciadopitys

Pane chimwe chete chimiro - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). Mumakore Geological epochs, miti mhando iyi yaiva rakapararira hombe. Izvi runoratidzwa ndechokuti zvavo zvisaririra dzakafukurwa muna Cretaceous muJapan, Zimbabwe, Norway, Yakutia, ari Urals.

Panguva iyi dzinongoitika ezvinhu sciadopitys inokura chete pane dzimwe muzvitsuwa Japan, apo akanga akachengetwa panguva nekukwirira 500-1000 M pamusoro pegungwa ari nyorovera masango gomo, uyewo pamusoro neyemitenusirwa, iri kure mumipata ari neyemiorivhi.

Sciadopitys - evergreen muti ane pyramidal korona. Hwakura kuti nekukwirira 40 M hunde saizi kutenderera -. To 4 mamita. Dzinoratidzwa anononoka chaizvo kukura. Muti unowanzonzi "amburera nemipaini" nemhaka yokukosha nemamiriro tsono. Its flattened tsono rine avhareji kureba kusvika 0,15 m, whorls dzenhema kuumba uye kupararira voga padivi, sokunge ari amburera spokes.

Sciadopitys Zvibereko vari denderedzwa pasikweya, ichiibvira nguva iri makore maviri.

Sezvo sciadopitys ave refu nguva kukura mumidziyo, izvozvo rinowanzoshandiswa Sora horticulture sezvo indoor uye girinihausi zvinomera. Sezvo mupaki tsika akasuma muEurope kubva muzana remakore rechi19.

welwitschia

Welwitschia zvinoshamisa (welwitschia mirabilis) - chete hwakawanda huripo kwemarudzi. Mumwe nhengo nhatu aimbova kirasi gnetalians panzvimbo dzakawanda kuitika nhasi. zita rayo Welwitschia zvinoshamisa izvozvo akagamuchira nokuda kwayo kujairika chitarisiko.

Chirimwa haadi chinhu pauswa kana pegwenzi kana muti. Zviri gobvu hunde, 15-50 masendimita yakabudikira pamusoro ivhu pamusoro. Vamwe chikamu yakavanzwa pasi muvhu. Uye saka relict mashizha anosvika 2 metres paupamhi uye 6 metres kureba. Makore anenge specimens makore 2000.

Welwitschia ari locus zasi-dzokumadokero chikamu Africa, kureva matombo Namib murenje, riri mumhenderekedzo Atlantic egungwa. Chirimwa hariwanikwi chaizvo kuwana mamita anopfuura 100 kubva kumhenderekedzo. Izvi nokuti wakadaro nechokure anogona kukunda makore anosundwa kuti Welwitschia rine mvura inopa upenyu.