I-180 (Fighter): nhoroondo ndege, rufu Valery Chkalov

Ndege-180 (varwi uye Ndege) yakazokudziridzwa muna OKB Polikarpov. Panguva iyoyo yakanga yakanaka ndege unhu, aigona kutakura mundege 200 makirogiramu bhomba uye vakagadzirira pamwe mana synchronously nokuridzira pfuti.

History chokusika

Rinozivikanwa mugadziri Soviet Nikolay Nikolaevich Polikarpov haana vakagaramo. Iye zvakajeka akaziva kuti yekudyidzana kuvandudza kutiza Data inoda injini simba. Fighter-monoplane I-16, yakatanga naye muna 1932 uye yaiva basa Soviet Air Force, pashure 5 makore havachaoni zvinodiwa ano.

Polikarpov, muna 1936, akatanga kufunga kuti kuita chakakomba nadzurudzo of I-16 pamwe chawo injini M-62. Asi haana basa pfungwa iyi, sezvo nokukurumidza Zaporozhye chirimwa nhamba 29, zvakatangwa vomurova injini itsva M-88, izvo aiva kukwanisa zvikuru pedyo zvinodikamwa. Saka paiva zvirongwa I-164 uye 165. Panguva iyo fekitari sikuruwa akarayirwa kukudziridza shanduka nenamo hwindimiri. Pasinei neizvi, ipapo musoro Air Force haana kufarira zvishoma iri ndege. Naizvozvo, pakanga chisarudzo pamusoro magadzirirwe mumwe murwi.

The ndege itsva

Polikarpov Design Bureau akatanga pamasikiro. The kukura itsva akasarudzwa I-180. The murwi yakagadzirira nokuda February 1938 ndinofanira kutaura kuti vakawanda pamasikiro I-180 ndizvo zvikuru kufanana I-16, asi akanga zvishoma kurei ukuru. Pakutanga vakanga varonga kushongedzera ndege nemana synchronously nokuridzira pfuti, uye gare gare kutsiva navo kana guru caliber pfuti.

Pashure kuchinjwa OKB Polikarpov, chirimwa nhamba 156 paiva rwakashata mamiriro ezvinhu, izvo asingakudzi kubatsira unhu uye kukurumidza kweShanduro zvaida zvikamu. Chokwadi chokuti yapfuura zvebhizimisi ichi kunyanya mubasa kusunungurwa ndege hombe, uye ikozvino aifanira kukurumidza kuva zvigadzirwa kubereka zvakawanda chiedza murwi.

The kukundikana rokutanga

Kusunungurwa muchina uyu akanga ari mutariri Chief Belyaykin utariri. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti aigara akakurumidza kupedza paungano yavanhu nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, uye pane dzimwe nguva kunyange akapindira zvakananga kubudisa kwacho. Zviito izvi vakaita imwe kutya mubasa sezvo Bureau uye muti rose. A rakakura kumhanyisa basa uye akaita mukuru wekambani MA Usachev. Naizvozvo, ndege yakavakwa muna November 1938

In mangwanani December motokari yakanga iongororwe kwazvo, achibva kuwana kunyange zvakawanda kana zvishoma, uye urema vakawanda 190 (!), 40 iyo inowanikwa motooborudovanii. Asi zvikanganiso zvakawanda kudaro uye akasunungurwa musi I-180. Fighter achiri kuendeswa Banga, mushure mekushandisa ari zvitoro, vazhinji vavo.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vagadziri pachavo warplanes nguva dzose kugumbuka chaizvo uye kurayira mafungiro kuti zvirongwa zvavo, pamwe ivo, kupfuura ani zvake, ziva mutengo waishandiswa kukanganisa. Ndokusaka Polikarpov sezvo aigona kuratidzira achirwisa akakurumidza mukugadzirwa yevana vavo kuti bvunzo wokutanga, yaakanga ambomiswa mberi basa.

kanyanyisa madimbu

Muchando 1938 Valeriya Pavlovicha Chkalova kukurumidza anoyeuka kuzororo. Kukonzera: achiedza itsva ndege-180. Fighter akaronga kuedza December 15, asi jog yake yokutanga yakaitwa mazuva matatu adarika. It akataura dzinoverengeka urema, kusanganisira breakage kwakawanikwa uye traction masimba Gaza. Problem akagadzirisa, uye musi wokutanga ndege anoramba kuzochinja. Mudare, yakabudiswa Tchkalov akarairwa dzibhururuke pamusoro Banga pa 600 M kwemaminitsi 10-15 uye nyika pasina nokubvisa chassis, izvo uyezve vaiva Lock hwokupedzisira.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti risati yenhamo zuva muMoscow pemavhiki mashomanana, kunze akaipa. Mangwanani, guta rakanga achiburuka gobvu bvungapfunga, dzimwe nguva yakanga snowing. Air tembiricha ranged kubva 0 kusvika -2⁰C. Zvisinei, muedzo zuva denga parakapera. Chiedza pamushana, asi tembiricha akadonha kuna -27 ⁰ C. kuchinja uku kusingatarisirwi haana kutarisirwa, asi yakarongwa ndege haina akadzima.

December 15, senguva pakutanga bvunzo prototypes, kusimuka vose yakaganhuka, uye Banga mabasa havana kuitwa nhasi. I-180 akamira hanga. Kwokupedzisira gadziriro bvunzo kutiza ndege: vakatasva kudzora mano uye anodiwa zviyero, kusanganisira maketeni. Kuenda kubasa, Chkalov akabvunza sei yakareba zvaizotora yokugadza navo. Akati maawa inenge 2-3, uye zvichida refu. mhinduro yakadaro kujeka havana kugamuchira Valery Pavlovich, uyo akaona kuti kutiza kuti zuva kurege zvaitika sezvo yaiva chando, uye rakanga kwasviba kwava mangwanani chaizvo. Akasarudza kubhururuka pasina kugadzwa maketeni, zvimwe achitarisira kuti yakanaka mugumisiro miedzo.

Death mutyairi wendege № 1

The ose mutyairi wokutanga akaita zvakanga zvarayirwa: kunobuda mumhepo, izvozvo nendege pamusoro Banga panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 500-600 M Akabva akaenda wechipiri vakapoteredza, asi panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 2-2.5 zviuru metres uye kure zvikuru kubva yendege .. . Akati kufambira uye gasi rotanga kuvira achida kunyika ndege, injini nemhuru. The Banga yaiva kure, uye vaigona kuonekwa mujinga pasi dzinogarwa yemauto uye yakakwirira redhiyo kanyanga.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, ndege vaiva Lock ari chassis, uye kwakatanga kunaya, Chkalov ainzwisisa kuti varege kubata padenga mumwe yemauto uko panguva iyoyo, vakawanda zvichida, paiva nevanhu. Mumwe mutyairi wendege aigona nezvazvo uye kwete kufunga nezvazvo, zvimwe kunze denga kuti yokufungisisa nokurova. Zvisinei, Chkalov asarudza kutsauka, uye ndege ane inoperative injini ndokunobondera mukuru-voltage simbi rutsigiro.

Chkalov simba punchi chakakandwa kubva mberi pamwe chidhiraivho. Anowira, mufambisi wengarava yakarova musoro wake. The Kukuvara akanga asingaenderani nechokwadi noupenyu, uye pashure 2 kwemaawa, akafa panguva Botkin Hospital. mariro Chkalov akatora nzvimbo muMoscow. The urn namadota ake ari Kremlin parusvingo achiri.

Zvinokonzera njodzi

Rufu Valery Chkalov pakarepo chamuita kuti vakawanda makuhwa uye ngano. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pane yepamutemo mhedziso chakaitwa basa raikosha kuongorora nhamo, pane dzimwe shanduro kuti vaburukira mubvunzo mumwe: kana kwaiva zvinouraya mubatanidzwa ezvinhu kana mutyairi akava munhu akaipa uye iye chete kuurayiwa?

. Makomisheni uchishanda muna 1938 uye 1955, vakaitwa mhedziso zvakasiyana, asi chimwe chinhu vakanga zvakafanana: tsaona yacho nokuda injini murwi hypothermia, uyewo zvikanganiso zviri throttle kudzora mano. Mukuwedzera, kuferefeta wechipiri kwakaratidza kuti zvikamu muchina vazhinji ruzivo uye akanga kumboshandiswa mumhepo. Kubva izvi zvose mhedziso kuti ndege Polikarpov I-180 panguva yake yokuenda yokutanga yakanga underfulfilled nokuda kwazvo akakurumidza nokudzora muitiro kwemiviri yakakwirira, izvo zvakaita kuti irreparable dambudziko.

Chechipiri ikatsva

Zvisinei, nhoroondo ndege I-180 haana kugumira ipapo. Miedzo mberi. By February 1939 zvikabva yechipiri yakavakwa murwi. Zviri kunova indistinguishable kubva yaimbovapo, kunze kuti kutsvaira nzvimbo uye mapapiro aro zvishoma kwakawedzera, uye pachinzvimbo injini M-88 paakagadzwa mungarava anonzi zvikuru yakavimbika M-87A.

Kutiza upgraded muchina wokutanga wakaitwa April 27 iroro. Ake piloted S. P. Suprun. Iyi nguva zvose vakaenda pasina, zvinhu mashoko. Nokuda chivimbo ichi vari ndege Polikarpov yakawedzera kuti murwi kunyange chikamu mhemberero May 1 akabhururuka pamusoro Red Square. Zvisinei, muna September mangwanani, I-180, yakadonha zvakare, nguva akauraya ino bvunzo mutyairi Tomas Pavlovich Suzi. Kana ndege akatanga kupinda kuruka, mufambisi wengarava Akasvetuka achibuda mumotokari asina kuvhura parachuti.

Nokukurumidza pashure penjodzi yacho, pakaitwa basa raiva chiito chikonzero kwokuputsika wakanzi kuparadzwa mafuta kutonhora zviri mhete iyo, sezvo yose kabhini, uyewo nechiso uye overalls vezvikepe vakanga vakasasa namafuta.

Kubviswa kubva kugadzirwa

imwe ndege yakavakwa gore rakatevera, asi muedzo wake aitarisira nokukurumidza. Pakutanga July 1940 bvunzo mutyairi Proshakov akakanganisa panguva piloting uye rakamanikidzwa kusiya bhodhi ane parachuti. Imwe basa, nguva ino haana kuwana chinhu kuremara, uye mhosva nokuda rufu muchina kwave zvakakwana basa mutyairi.

Pashure chiitiko ichi, takavaka imwezve dikidiki ndege - "Ini-180 Standard". Iye kwave kuchiita nhamba kuchinja, kusanganisira pamusoro payo chikatsiviwa yekare injini M-87A iri itsva M-88A. Its Zvinofungidzirwa havukavu raizova 590 km / h, uye kana nekuisa kupfuura simba injini M-89, uye vose zvasvika 650 km / h. Asi nyaya yakanga pamusoro I-180, sapamazuva December wegore iroro paiva kuti kumira basa iri ndege iyi. All konekwa michina, idzo dzave kupinzwa kugadzirwa yapfuura, akaenda kuti scrapped. Pakazosvika nguva vakatanga kuonekwa dzimwe mhando evadzimi Soviet uyo vakazodzingwa ari vakatadza chirongwa.

The murwi itsva

Akatevera kukura yaiva ndege Polikarpov OKB-185. Verengai vanhu vose hunhu murwi uyu kupfuura zvose Soviet uye vatorwa pisitoni michina nguva. ndege dzakawanda dzakavakwa pamwe injini zvakasiyana. November 18, 1942, vakaramba ehurumende nemiedzo, inoitiswa vezvikepe P. M Stefanovsky. Munguva ndege ndege akaratidza nemigumisiro yakanaka uye rave yakarumbidza nokuda pakuparurwa kupinda kugadzirwa.

April 5, 1943 munguva nemiedzo rakauya zvokurega injini, kukonzera rufu mutyairi VA Stepanchonok. By nhoroondo zvose, nenjodzi iyi vakava dzinouraya kuti ndege I-185 - zvakanzi kumbobvira kupinzwa kugadzirwa, asi pachinzvimbo vakatanga kuungana munzvimbo fekitari La-5FN. Pashure kuEdo kuva mumwe ndege - I-188, asi nokukurumidza zvose basa rakanga rakamira nokuda rufu mukuru akagadzira N. N. Polikarpova.