Ndiani anotonga pashure Pauro 1 muRussia. Vatongi Russia

At pakutanga XIX remakore Russian choushe nedambudziko rakaipisisa kuvhunduka: March usiku muna 1801 rimwe boka varindi unoranganawo inotungamirwa St. Petersburg gavhuna uye musoro epachivande PA Palen akapinda mukamuri paMambo Paul Petrovich akamuuraya, nokudaro vachiita nevapanduki mu pamusana iyo huchikwira pachigaro mwanakomana Emperor Alexander.

Chiuru, iyo yakatanga umhondi

Mai apondwa mambo - Catherine II - aida kuti rive akatsiva ake mberi matanho. Ndokusaka mukuru mudzidzisi Paul akanga Panin - kunoshamisa yokutungamirira nguva yake. Asi mugumo kwakatemwa zvimwe. Pauro aida kugara mutsetse yake. Aidada uye chinzvimbo, kufanana nevatongi zhinji Russian. Paitonga mambo uyu waingova wenguva pfupi, asi iye akakwanisa kukunda mukuru ruvengo.

Nokuti vakashinga varindi havana chitsva pasi zvigaro vatongi ndisingadiwi. Uye kwenguva mushandi Biron uye muduku Ivan Vi Antonovich, yakarongwa mambo Russia, muri muenzaniso. Dzimwe nguva Vakaita ndichigogodza mweya kubva usina kufukidzwa mambo - ropa akapondwa chevaux Peter III pamaoko avo.

The yose pfupi kare - pamwe Peter 1 kuna Nicholas 2 - izere conspiracies uye the, asi muchiitiko chino paiva nomumwe akadzama kuti akapa rinokosha hunhu kupondwa. Pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti Kusaona rangano aiziva waPauro mwanakomana - mugari wenhaka pachigaro, Alexander. Kunyange pasina pokuita pachako vakaita zvakaipa, akava pane izvi, kunyange pusa, asi parricide, uye usiku huno, March 12, 1801, vakasara hwake akapisa hana yake.

Alexander 1: Paitonga

Kana ikorona Russian Empire, korona musoro Alexander I, aiva makore makumi maviri namana. Pasinei hwake, aiva mberi kufunga, uye akabata dzakatevedzana zvine mwero-worupo kuchinja. Maererano nevakwegura, unhu hwavo, Alexander aiva mumiririri avhenekerwa absolutism, kufanana mbuya vake Catherine II. Haana vanokanganisa nhare serfdom, asi rubatso mberi hunoonekwa dzidzo. Munguva ropafadzo zvikoro ake mashoma rokudzidzisa akazarurwa, kusanganisira yakakurumbira Tsarskoye tiiviste Lyceum.

Nokuedza muduku mambo yakashandurwa kuva hurongwa administrative utungamiriri. Panzvimbo yakare mapuranga Peter, pamusoro European womuenzaniso, makasimbiswa ushumiri. Pakanga kunyange akaita kuedza chaizvo kupa vaaitonga bumbiro, asi yakaramba chete kwenhamba chakanaka. Nechekare yechipiri yezana rokutonga Alexander vakapedza zvinhu muhondo, vaisanganisa kubudikidza yainetsa chaizvo hurongwa vanopinza chazezesa Arakcheyev misha zvechiuto.

Unyanzvi enyika uye mutungamiri zvakaipa

Paitonga mambo uyu akawira Nguva Napoleonic hondo. Pasinei nokuti mauto dzakasimbiswa 1905 mubatanidzwa Anti-French pamutemo takananga M. I. Kutuzov, sarudzo zvose vakabatwa pachavo naAlexander, uye hunoita mhosva nokuda kukundwa weuto Russian-yeAustria panguva Hondo Austerlitz. Akanga asiri chinoshamisa mutungamiri rechiuto, asi vaiva nechipo chinoshamisa zvematongerwo enyika.

Nounyanzvi kushandisa mamiriro ano, mambo akagumisa muna 1808 imwe zvinobetsera norugare Napoleon. Mumakore aya, Russia yave kuda Finland, Bessarabia uye Eastern Georgia. Pasinei nokuti zita Alexander I, isu kushamwaridzana kazhinji pamwe pehondo 1812, ake kubudirira mukuwana shoma, zvichida chete rokubvisa mutemo pamusoro Napoleon uye asiri chipingaidzo mu kwokubatsira vehondo, sowakajeka chinozoiswa M. I. Kutuzovym.

Rufu, akabereka ngano

Alexander 1, ushe zvakanga achiperekedzwa dutu mudzimba uye vatorwa upenyu enyika munyika, pakupera rokutonga zvinowanzooneka aitaura kuda kupa uye vazvipire kuna Mwari. Ichi chaiva chikonzero kuti, pashure porufu rwake, yakavatevera muna 1725 munguva rwendo Taganrog, paiva nerunyerekupe, kutaura kuti guru vakauyisa mubhokisi nomumwe muviri womunhu, uye Kesari pachake ari musango hermitages pasi zita remukuru Fyodor Kuzmich agoregererwa zvitadzo patricide kuti makore makumi maviri nemana apfuura, akamumutsa kusvika pachisikwa chikuru simba. Anoita shanduro iri kusina - hatizvizivi nhasi.

The yokutonga itsva yakatanga nokupanduka

All anotonga pashure Pauro 1 kuRussia, vaiva madzimambo matsva European mhando. Izvi zvakazara zvinoshanda Kesari Nicholas I, muna 1825 kusvika kutsiva pachigaro munin'ina wake. Pasinei Rigidity kwehurumende kuri kumabvazuva despotism, akashanda zvakaoma kuti asike munyika zvakajeka streamlined administrative utariri hurongwa, uchishandisa mberi chiitiko dzimwe nyika.

Sezvakangoita munin'ina wake, Nicholas I, musoro "mambo Russia" chakadonherwa neropa. Uye zvakare raiva varindi, panguva ino pachena musi December 14 weSeneti Square guru. Yokubvisa zvichibvira matambudziko ramangwana, Nicholas akanga atora zvikuru matanho, makasimbiswa mukurumbira wake vakazobatsira gendarme uye suppressor rusununguko. Kana zvakanzi nheyo chazezesa "Wechitatu Section" - epachivande, kuti aite zvose zvaanogona nokuongororwa pakati vaitsoropodza.

Ake vatorwa negwaro aiva zvachose kuratidzwa mukati. Milestones munhoroondo rekutonga Nicholas Ndakatanga: iri kudzvinyirira wePolish uye Hungarian kumukirana, hondo pamwe Turkey pamusoro 1828-1829, hondo pamwe Persia uye, pakupedzisira, noupenzi akarasa Crimean pamushandirapamwe vasati kusvika kuguma yaakanga akafa musi February 18, 1855 ..

Chamber-muvandudzi

Pakati mitemo avo pashure Pauro 1 kuRussia, kubwinya kupfuura mberi muvandudzi vawana dzinomutevera muzodzwa waMwari - Emperor Alexander II. Kusiyana nababa vake, aiedza kuunza nyika yavo mweya rusununguko uye Humanism. The kupfuura kare kukosha kwechiitiko ake aiva abolition pamusoro serfdom, vakazivisa muna 1861.

Uyezve, nhoroondo kwake aisanganisira: kubviswa vemauto nemisha uye kuchinja zvinhu muchiuto, yepamusoro uye yechipiri dzidzo, mari, uye kururamisira uye zemstvos. Kashoma mumwe wevaya vanotonga Russia pashure Paul 1st, saka akakwanisa kuchinja mufananidzo wenyika, asi zvisinei rimwe muvandudzi mukuru akafa mumaoko avo nyaya. Rakanga rakarongwa kuedza nomwe, icho ichangobva chakaitwa March 1, 1881 sezvo gandanga sangano "Narodnaya Volya", kumuurayisa.

King norugare uye counterreformers

mwanakomana wake, uyewo Alexander, uyo akakwira choumambo pashure pokufa kwababa vake, akagamuchira vakakodzera remadunhu- vanhu vamambo-norugare. A yakasiyana nyaya munhau Russian autocracy - vose makore ake ushe, nyika haina kuitwa hondo chero, uye hapana mauto ayo akanga vachigere muhondo. Maererano nezvavanotenda, Alexander III aiva Slavophile uye mutsigiri we "nzira chaiyo" weRussia. Izvi zvakamutungamirira kushandisa nhamba yemabhuku-zvinhu zvainanga kuchengetedza nheyo nyika yaichimbova wokumwe kune dzimwe zvinofurira, upenyu.

Iye akapfuura kure asati asvika makore makumi mashanu. With nomuviri ane simba uye kunoshamisa simba, mambo akatambura chirwere cheitsvo kuti akaita kuguma upenyu mwoyo nokukundikana uye tsinga. rufu rwake September 21, 1894 kwaiva kutanga ushe rokupedzisira Imba Romanov. Name uye zita patronymic yaKesari, uyo akapedza trohsotletnyuyu chigaro - Nicholas II Alexandrovich.

Wokupedzisira imba youmambo

Ake kugadza kwakaitika 1896, akava mhaka nenjodzi yakaitika musi Khodynka munda, apo somugumisiro kuunganidza zviuru zvevanhu vaiuya kugamuchira yakapikirwa zvipo kupemberera, vakaumba zvinotyisa mumhirizhonga kuti yakauraya vanhu 1.379 uye vanenge 1,000 vakakuvara. In vanhu zvakanzi anoonekwa somunhu semhanza dzakaipa uye kwetarisiro kuyeuka chiitiko anochengeterwa zvose makore rokutonga kwake.

Nicholas II, sezvinoita zvose zvayo vamutangira vatongi Russia uye Russia, dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa nesu pezvishuvo zera rake. mugove wayo rawa kutonga hurumende, ndiyo matanhatu Earth, ari kunoshamisa zvikuru nguva munhau yacho. Ndivo makore apo, pamwe nokukurumidza zvoupfumi, kukura evanhu kusawirirana, iyo akapa pakutanga nokumukirana matatu, vokupedzisira chakanga dzinouraya kuti kutonga youmambo uye umambo hwacho yose.

Rasputin kuti simba

Asi panguva imwe chete, iye zvose vatongi Russia uye Russia, ndiye ezvinhu mamiriro, waiva mugumisiro kwake. Kuti njodzi, uko kwakaguma paraiitwa rokutonga iri Romanovs, akanga kunonyanya kukonzerwa achirwara-zano zvisarudzo mumunda zvezvipfuwo uye vatorwa mutemo - mhedziso rinouya vakawanda nevatsvakurudzi ano.

Sezvo aimbova vatongi Russia paitonga zvakanga anozivikanwa bongozozo uye mhirizhonga, Nicholas II akatsvaka rubatsiro zvose simba rehondo, uye naMwari kureverera. Nokudaro kutenda kwake bofu mu "mukuru dzvene" - Gregory Rasputin, ane simba zvikuru yakawedzera zvakatoitika kutsoropodza mamiriro umo umambo hwaiva. Pamakore okupedzisira rokutonga dzinoratidzwa kwokupisa dzakatevedzana vashumiri anotevedzana uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Yaiva nezano kuedza kuunza nyika kubva dambudziko, zano mutana, akafuridzira iye kuburikidza wake - the Empress Aleksandru Fodorovnu.

Last Empress kweRussia

Kana tikatarisa pasi empresses Russian, tinogona kuona kuti vakawanda vavo vakasiya ndangariro dzakanaka munhau. It akatonga mumakore Catherine uye Elizaveta Petrovna, asi okupedzisira mumwe wavo - Alexandra Feodorovna - mukana mukombe ichivava dzakakurumbira ruvengo. Her kusina uye mhosva younyengeri profligacy, uye kuti akanga akamanikidzira murume kubatanidza Russia kudaro risingadiwi pakati vanhuwo kurwa. Akapedza mazita empresses Russian.

The February Revolution pamusoro 1917 kunyimwa chigaro Nicholas II. Asi iye wakamurambira, uye ipapo, pamwe chete nemhuri yake yakanga oiswa imba iri chevaux mekutongera. Nokukurumidza mashoko dikidiki Hurumende akavatuma kuutapwa muna Tobolsk, uye muna 1918 nemijenya pakati Bolsheviks rakanga mhuri youmambo Yekaterinburg. Ikoko, muna yepasi iri Ipatiev imba usiku July 17, 1918, mhuri yose akapfurwa pamwe nevashandi uye muchiridzira Dr. Botkin.