Chii chakabudirira chakaitwa neumambo hwaCharlemagne? Ndezvipi zvirongwa zvakaitwa nemutongi?

Chiuru chemakumi maviri nemazana apfuura apfuura, munaJanuary 814, mumwe wemadzibaba eRomance-German, mhirizhonga yeEurope, muvambi wekutanga European Union, akasiya umambo hwake nokusingaperi. Umambo hwekuFrance hwekuMadokero hunosanganisira nzvimbo dzakawanda kupfuura dzakawanda: Mazuva ano France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, Italy, zvikamu zvikuru zveGermany neSpain. Asi akarwisana nehupenyu hwavo hwose kwete nekuda kwemasango: kwose kwose apo hondo yake yakatsika, chiKristu chakakunda. Vahedheni veEurope vakabhabhatidzwa zvakasimba: zvose nemoto nemunondo. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru kubva pane izvo zvibudirira umambo hwaCharlemagne hwakakurumbira .

Bhodhi kuNhasi

Maitiro eSlavhu akabudirira kwazvo akanzwa simba rekuva West, akatarisana nevengi rakaipa, akasimba, euchenjeri uye kunyange aireva-aida, kana zviitiko zvaidiwa. Kwete Karl chete akakunda nemunondo wake, asiwo nemari, uye nhema, uye kutengesa. Kugovana, kutonga. MaSlavic madzinza anopa ropa rimwe nerimwe.

Kwemazana emakore, hondo idzi dzakatsamwiswa neCharles akanga atofa. Chikamu chikuru chevaSlav chakaparadzwa navo, vamwe vakasiyiwa kumabvazuva, vazhinji vakafanirwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakabva vaAustria, Danes, Germany, vamwe vakashandura "code" ndokuenda pasi pehondo yeRoma. Saka, somuenzaniso, mapurisa akabvuma chimiro cheMadokero chechiKristu uye akapika vavengi veSlavic Rus.

Munhu wese anokoshesa dare inoda uye pfungwa dzakangwara dzaMambo Charles, asi paaidzidza hupfumi hwevaFrank, zvinobva zvava pachena apo ikozvino kuEurope kuurayiwa kuMabvazuva kunobva. Iyo nzira iri kuenderera mberi. Mushure mezvose, chii chakabudirira chakaitwa naCharlemagne (yechitanhatu yechitanhatu chokwadi kuti haakwanisi kuziva kukanganisa kwakadai, kana mudzidzisi asingashandisi mafungiro) akave akakurumbira?

Historical background

Nheyo dzeMambo hweFritain hwakatangwa kunyange kusati kwazvarwa Kubharlemagne nemasimba evatongi vatatu vanoshamisa, avo vakatsiva madzinza eMerovingian, akadzimwa muuchenjeri. Clovis akadyara statehood mukubatana nechechi yepapa; Karl Martell akasika hondo chaiyo, inyanzvi yeuto rehondo uye akaumba hutano hunoenderana nekuwana (dzakanaka zvitsva), uye Hondo yePoitiers yakamisa kupinda kweEurope neIslam; Pepin Muduku wakava mambo wekutanga wehurumende yemhuri yaCarolingian, kutumirwa kune mamamoni ekupedzisira vamiririri veMerovingians vane usimbe. Kutenda kuna Pepin, Roma yakadzoka kubva kuEast (Byzantium) kusvika kumavirira.

Iri ndiro raive nheyo dzeEuropean civilization - Romano-Germanic. Uye izvi zvinopindurawo mubvunzo wezvinobudirira zvoumambo hweCharlemagne hwakakurumbira, sezvo kuumbwa kwenyika yeEurope yakabuda chaizvo munguva yekutonga kwaCharles.

Madzimambo maviri

Baba vaKarl, Pepin Short, vakanga vatanga kudzidzisa mwanakomana wavo kuti vagone kuita zvinhu zvenyika, vachicherechedza kujekesa kukwanisa uye kugadzirira kuita zviito. Muduku wechidiki Karl akanga achishanda mumisangano yepamatare, achizvipira uye noupenzi achiita zvematongerwo enyika, akabatanidzwa muAkitaine mishandirapamwe. Pepin Short paakafa, mwanakomana wake wemakore makumi maviri nematanhatu akanga atova akakwana zvakakwana kugadzirira hurumende. Ndezvipi zvakabudirira zvakaita umambo hwaCharlemagne zvakakurumbira? Dzidzo yakakodzera yevadyi venhaka, panguva yakakodzera, kunyange nguva refu, kudzidziswa kwezvose uye zvose zvinoda kutarisira nyika.

Mwanakomana waPepin akanga asiri oga. Uye zvinhu zvakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana zvakaenzana: Carl akaenda kuna Nuanion, uye Carloman - Soissons. Zvose mbiri uye dzakaenzana madzimambo eFrancs. Sezvakangoita, hukama hwakange husina hukama. Nokuda kwemvumo iri nyore, basa guru pane raidiwa, uye nokuda kwekukanganisika chikonzero chiduku chiduku.

Nokuda kwevavengi vekuvandudzwa kwevana vaFrananks, izvi zvakava chirikadzi: vaAkitan vakanga vangokundwa vakasimudza misoro yavo, vaSaxons neBritain vakamanikidza kubva kumabvazuva nekumavirazuva, uye kubva kumiganhu yeItaly yemazuva ano kwakauya kutyisa kwechokwadi - Mambo weLombards Desiderius, uyo akanga atobatana nechekare penyika. Pano aive nehondo chaiye uye masimba makuru. Chokutanga, nyika dzepapa dzakakundwa naPipin uye dzakapiwa kuRoma dzakatambura. Uyezve, Dezideria akava shamwari dzepedyo uye akazova nehukama nevakuru vevakidzani, avo vaisada kufambiswa kweFrenchish statehood.

Karl nguva yose iyi akazvinyengera kuti haana kuona kutyisidzira. Akanyatsodzidza nyika yake, akafamba, akavhima, akaisa machechi, achiita mutambo. Pakati pezvinhu izvi, Aquitaine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanyisa kubviswa. Akadana hama yake pamushandirapikisi waipikisa Gascony naAkitaine, asi akaramba zvakasimba. Carl akazvitonga pachake.

Munguva iyi, Desiderius akanga achitora nzvimbo yacho kubva kuPapa weRoma. Stefano III akakumbira mhere-mhere kubatsirwa kubva kuhama dzose - uye Carloman, naKarl. Asi handina kuitora. Carloman akanga asingadi kurwisana, uye Karl akanga atoorazve zvakare. Amai vake, Bertrada, vakamanikidza mwana wavo kuti asiye mudzimai wake wekare, Hilitruda, nokuti akauya nechibvumirano chorugare kubva kumaodzanyemba-mwanasikana waDesideria, Desideratu. Mamiriro emaFrancs muItaly akakurumidza kupera, simba rakanyunguduka.

Simba rimwe chete

Karl akabvumira nzvimbo iyi kwenguva pfupi. Akatumira Dhiodheti kuna baba vake, vakanyatsoparadza zvachose ukama hwake nemukoma wake ndokutanga kugadzirira hondo. Zvisinei, Carloman pakarepo uye zvisingafungirwi akafira vose. Charles akatora nhaka yenhaka ndokuva iye oga akazara mambo weFrananks.

Uye pakarepo, kubvira muna 772, hondo yakareba yehupenyu yakatanga: mhirizhonga, kupindira, kukombwa, kupedzana kwevavakidzani, hondo - munharaunda yakaipa. Gore roga rega munaMeyi, kuungana kwemauto kwakarongeka, apo basa racho rakarongwa. Dzimwe nguva gore rakarongeka kwete rimwe chete mushandirapamwe, asi maviri.

Karl akakurumidza kuva mutungamiri uye chirongwa chikuru. Kazhinji kacho kutyisidzira kwakanga kwasvika kubva kumativi akasiyana, vazhinji vaitambudzwa nekunzwa kusuruvara uye kukundwa. Zvisinei, node dzose dzakanga dzakasarudzwa, uye mhinduro dzaive dzakanaka. Karl pamhashu akanzwisisa chinangwa chemamiriro ezvinhu ndokubva atora zvisarudzo.

Chimwe chechimiro chake mumauto chaishanda sechibvumirano chekukunda uye chakaita kuti ave nechivimbo: Karl - mamita maviri mamita, hero inotyisa, ane simba uye akadzikama - nechivimbo akatungamirira kunyange varwi vakashinga. Izvo zvakabudirira zvakave zvakakurumbira zveumambo hwaCharlemagne pakupedzisira, kunyange kunyora kuti zvakaoma.

Zvisikwa zvehondo

Karl aigara akarwisana, uye izvi zvaida zvikuru vanhu uye mari. Nezvinhu zvaive zviri nani - ndima huru dzakapa zvose uye kunyange zvakanyanya. Asi vaifanira kuchengetwa. Tsika dzevakagara vakagadzirira - vose baba nekurukuru - dzakapfuurirwa nenzira yekuvandudzwa kwehondo.

Madzishe eFurudal yebasa rekushanda akawedzera nyika yavo yezvikwata (zvinobatsira), pamwe chete nekambani yekugadzirisa hurongwa. Nenzira yegore, vese vadziri veminda - iyo nhamba uye mabhishopiti - vakaonekwa nevanofamba navo uye vanofamba-famba vachienda kunzvimbo yekuunganidzwa, vakatotya zvombo uye vakagadzirirwa.

Kwete-kuonekwa panguva yakavimbisa chakanaka chikuru, nekupukunyuka - chirango chakakomba zvikuru. Kubatanidza kwaiwanzogara kwose kwose, kazhinji iyo nzvimbo dzaiva muhondo, mhirizhonga dzaive dzakatyisidzirwa nevavakidzani. Yaiva nzira yakabudirira kwazvo, uye nyika yefrancs yakawedzerwa uye yakasimbiswa. Saka, chii chakabudirira iyo umambo hwaCharlemagne yakakurumbira? Bhuku 6 richapindura: kusikwa kwemauto chaiwo nehurongwa hwekuunganidza.

Hondo neLombards

Desiderius akagumbura zvikuru uye akatsamwa kwazvo: akachenesa vose vatsigiri vaKar munyika yavo, akabvuma vadiwa vaipukunyuka veCarloman uye vakakumbira kubva kuPapa korona yeimwe yevanakomana vemambo akafa kumutambo wechiFritain.

Zvisinei, Papa akatochinja. Panzvimbo peStefan anonyorera uye akanyorova, akabatwa neavo vane simba-vanoda Adrian. Uye akasangana nekudzivisa, achida kuvimbisa. Panzvimbo pavo, Desiderius akatanga kuparadza nzvimbo dzepapa zvakare. Adrian akavhara muRoma ndokutumira shoko kuna Charles pamusoro pekutyisidzira kweChechi yeRoma.

Panguva ino, Carl akanga agadzirira. Kuti achenese zvachose hana yake, kaviri akaedza kubvumirana naDesideria, asi haana kubudirira. Uye ini ndakanga ndisingadi, zvimwe. Kukurukurirana kwakaputsika. Alpine passes akavharwa uye akasimbiswa zvakasimba. Karl pamwe chete nemakomo asingazivikanwi makwara akaendesa hondo yose ndokuenda kumashure emuvengi, akapoteredza Pavia, apo Desiderius akavanza, ndokutora Verona, guta guru rechipiri cheumambo hweLombards.

Ari muRoma, Karl akapinda mukukunda. Akanga avimbisa (uye akanyengerwa!) Adrian zvinhu zvitsva. Panguva iyi, kukombwa kwePavia kwakaguma kubudirira. Desiderius neshamwari dzake vakanga vakurudzirwa kumatunhu. Karl akava mambo weLombards uye akabatana neumambo humwe huchienda mune imwe - Frankish. Langobardia yakamira kuvapo. Chii chakabudirira chakaitwa neumambo hwaCharlemagne? Mhinduro shomanana yakaoma kupa. Hazvina mhosva kuti uperiyamu hwakaipa sei, zvishoma zvishoma kudengenyeka kwemafiro ndezvenhara dzezvenhoroondo dzeEurope. Uye izvi zvakare mubhokisi rechokwadi pamusoro pezvinhu zvipi zvoumambo hweCharlemagne hwakakurumbira.

Raira muItaly

Zvisinei, hondo yekukundwa kwaDesiderius haina kuguma. Mutsva-akabikwa mufundisi wechiRoma Carl akamanikidzwa kuti arambe achimanikidzika mhirizhonga uye azivise mazano.

Pakupedzisira, paakaisa rugare muSaxony, akaunza mwanakomana wake muduku Pipin kuenda kuRoma, uyo akazodzwa kuti atonge mune yekare yaimbova Langobardia. Mitemo yekare yairemekedzwa, vakuru vekumba vakasiyira dzimwe ropafadzo uye mahofisi ehurumende.

Asi, chokwadi, hapana chisarudzo chakatorwa pasina kubvumirwa kwaKar - kakato Gumi, nokuti muNorthern neCentral yeItaly akanga awana simba rakakwana. Zvino zvakajeka, nezvakabudirira umambo hwaCharlemagne hwakakurumbira. Mhinduro shomanana nderano rehuchenjeri.

Zvido zveBavarian

Kukundwa kwevakidzani veLombardy kwakakuvadza zvakanyanya nyika yeBavaria - zvose zvehondo nezvematongerwe enyika. Duke Tassilon III aive akachenjera uye akachinjeka: kwete kare kare akasika sangano reBavaria neLakobardia, uye zvino akaedza kusatsamwisa mambo mukuru weFritain nenzira ipi zvayo. Kunyange akavandudzwa mhiko yakapiwa baba vaKarl. Asi ini ndakanga ndisingadi kuramba kubva muhurumende uye handina kuunza mauto kumisangano yeMay. Uye akazvivanza muchivande neByzantium, pamwe nevese vaItaly vadzivisi veCharles, kunyange neDanube Avars - neCharlemagne.

Carl akatsungirira izvi zvose kwete kwenguva refu. Sezvo apedza hondo muSaxony, akatungamirira mauto kumiganhu yeBavaria. Tassilon akatanga kutsvaka kudzivirirwa kubva kuna Papa, uyo akabvuma kuva murevereri mukutsvaka rugare. Karl akarayira kuisa imwe magwaro ezvinyorwa, asi nhume dzeTassilon dzakavanza muchivande muguta kuti dzisaita zvivimbiso. Papa ainge akatsamwa uye akaropafadzwa Carl wehondo.

VaBavaria, kusiyana neTassilon, vakanga vasina kuvenga vaFrananks, ivo vainyanya kutya. Uye saka mambo weBavaria akasara nehondo yakaonda kwazvo kamwe. Hapana chinhu chinofanira kuitika - akaunza zvipo kuna Karl, chibvumirano chemhiko uye kubva kumasungwa-kunyange mwanakomana wake.

Tassilon akatongerwa mhosva neSejm nekuda kwechitendero uye akatongerwa rufu. Karl akamuregerera, nekusungwa nokusingaperi muimba yemamongi. Mukadzi waTassilon nevana vake vose vakatambura zvakafanana.

Kuzvimirira kweBavaria kwakazobviswa. VaGrafu-Vatongi vakateerera Charles zvakananga. Vose pamwe neBavaria, vaFrananks vakagamuchirawo nyika yeSlavic - Krajna uye Carinthia, kureva, kupinda muBalkan. Saka ndima yacho yakazadzikiswa. Hezvino izvo zvakazadziswa umambo hwaCharlemagne (Nhoroondo, Bhuku 6, zvichienderana nezvino nhasi) yakave yakakurumbira.

Coronation paumambo

Iyi ndiyo nzira yemakore makumi matatu ekutanga kutonga kwaKarl kwakaitika - muhondo dzisingaverengeki, kunyengedza uye kukunda kwakawanda, izvo zvakaunza nhamba yakawanda yenyika - huru uye duku, marudzi - mhirizhonga uye kwete zvakanyanya zvokuti zvakava zvakaoma kutarisira hupfumi uhu hwose, kuchengeta iyo yekare mutungamiriri. Mambo weFranks akanga achifunga nezve korona yemambo.

Chii chakabudirira chakaitwa neumambo hwaCharlemagne? Mhinduro dzacho dzinogona kunge dzakasiyana, asi imwe yadzo ndeyiyi: kuyananisa uye kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mumadzinza eAsaxons, Franks, Lombards, Frisians, Alamans, Bavarians - kureva, mazera emakore ekuGermany emadzinza - neSlavic, Romanesque nezvimwe zvikamu zvikamu zveumambo . Nzvimbo itsva isina kutora nheyo yaidiwa: simba iri harina chokwadi pakati pezvose zvidzidzo, zvisinei nokuti zvakabva kupi, mutauro, kana kutenda.

Gadzirisa mubvunzo uyu wakaoma unogona kuve Roma chete. Nyaya yakabatsira. Papa Leo III, mugari wenhaka weAdrian, akawira munyaya yakaipa ndokukumbira rubatsiro kubva kuna Karl semukuru wechizvarwa anozvisarudzira pane nyaya dzehurumende. Kupikisana naPapa pane chikonzero uye chiedza chekuuraya. Zvichida, chikonzero chakagadzwa mumatare epaPapa chakanga chisinganyanyi kutonga, izvo zvakavhundutsa hama dzakanaka dzevakafa Adrian. Leo III akatsika kubva kune vashandi uye akayambuka Alps, achizotiza naCharles.

Karl akaunganidza hondo ndokubva atamira kuItaly kuzosimbisa ikoko simba guru rekugombedzera. Chiitiko chakaitika panguva apo Papa Leo III akacheneswa nemhiko, uye vapomeri vake havana kugona kupa uchapupu. Zvechokwadi, mabhishopu akafarira chiito ichi zvishoma, asi, achifungisisa pasi pemasvingo ehondo dzeCharlemagne, vashomanana vanhu vanogona kukanganisa. Chii chakabudirira chakaitwa neumambo hwaCharlemagne? Mhinduro shomanana inogona kunge iri iyi: kukundwa kwekutonga kwenyika.

Chiito chakazivikanwa chekoronation chakaitika paKrisimasi 800 muSt. Peter's Basilica. Mambo weFritain, mushure mekorona yepapa ye korona yakaisvonaka, akaparidzirwa naMwari, akapfekedzwa korona nerudo rukuru (!) Emperor weRoma, Carl Augustus. Aya mazwi akadzokidzwa katatu nevose vakange varipo mutembere.

Uye maitiro acho pachawo, iyo nyaya yenyaya yacho, uye musangano muchechi yevanonyanya kumiririra vevanhu vanotiudza kuti purogiramu yacho yakagadzirirwa mberi uye nokungwarira, pasinei nokuti papa naKar pachavo vanozvidzivirira sei. Pakarepo, mhiko yekuteerera yakaunzwa-uyewo nevose varipo, kutanga naPapa. Ndezvipi zvimwe zviitiko zvakagadzira umambo hwaCharlemagne mukurumbira!

Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo umambo hweRoma hwakadzorerwa zvakare, ino nguva ino nechechi yechiKristu muhutano uye mutongi weGermany ari kutarisira. Karl aifanira kutonga kwenguva refu uye achikunda. Akavigwa munharaunda yake Aachen.