History: tsananguro. History: pfungwa. Kutsunga nhoroondo sezvo sayenzi

Unotenda kuti unogona kupa 5 determinations kare? Uye kunyange zvakawanda? Munyaya ino tichakurukura muudzame, chii nhoroondo, chii zvimwe zvayo uye akawanda pfungwa maonero pamusoro nesayenzi ichi. Vanhu refu wakacherechedza kuti mananara uye dzinotsanagura zvakasikwa munguva imwe kutevedzana nenguva, uye ndizvo zvimwe ukoshi, izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa.

History uye Society

Kana isu funga pfungwa "vanhu" uye "nhoroondo" muukama hwavo, zviri pachena inonakidza chokwadi. Chekutanga, pfungwa "nhoroondo", Zvakwakafanana pfungwa ye "munharaunda kukura", "evanhu muitiro", kuratidza kuzvidzora pave nenzanga wayo constituent munzvimbo. Nokudaro zviri pachena kuti nzira iyi kurondedzerwa pezvakaitwa uye mananara anopiwa upenyu vakunosanganisira mavari. Nokudaro, yokutsiva iri Europe uye Africa latifundia solonitom, serfdom zvakavakodzera kana Taylorism mu indasitiri noukama hwevanhu anogona kuonekwa padanho iri zvoupfumi bhora. Nokunzwisisa ichi nhoroondo zviri kuti vanhu akavamba risiri munhu evanhu mauto.

Chechipiri, kana "vanhu" raanotaura pfungwa "vanhu", akaratidza nenzira evanhu chokwadi, kuti "nhoroondo" kutaura "vanhu" yayo definition. History, saka, rinoumbwa kwemasayendisiti upenyu vanhu. Mune mamwe manzwi, inorondedzera apo azvaiitwa maviri, uye kana leaked t. D.

Chechitatu, kana pfungwa iyi zvikuru kunzwisisa, zvichava pachena ukama yayo kwete zvakapfuura apo vachiedza kutsanangura. History, neruoko rumwe, zvechokwadi anotaura pamusoro mazuva ekare, pahwaro mamiriro magariro upenyu. Somugumisiro, mashoko ano zvinodiwa kuti yezvakaitika kare, kuva kusarudza. Mune mamwe manzwi, zvinoitika zvinotevera kana kuedza kutsanangura nhoroondo zvinotsanangurwa maererano nechipo, ruzivo urwu vekare kuti tikwanise kuwana zvakakodzera ndezvipi ramangwana. Mupfungwa iyi, sayenzi, uye vachimbundirana ekare, uye zvanhasi uye nezveramangwana, anorondedzera kuti mabasa evanhu.

Kunzwisisa nzira munhoroondo iri dzakabudirira vanhu

Panguva dzakasiyana zvokukura kukura vanhu nhoroondo vainzwisisa nenzira dzakasiyana. Pasi ezvinhu dzakabudirira nzanga ine simba mukati simba rayo ukatarira kare kusvikira varipo uye ramangwana kubva chipo. Kazhinji tsanangudzo nhoroondo sechinhu sainzi anopiwa toreva munhoroondo kwenzanga. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yakatanga anenge 4000 apfuura.

Kunzwisisa nhoroondo chinyakare nzanga

Munguva chinyakare, shure vanhu akaisa mberi nguva yedu. Kudzingana kwaari sokunge mharidzo anoiswa nenzira yakanaka chipfuro. Muvanhu vakadaro, ngano achikunda. Naizvozvo dzinonzi prehistoric, vasina nhoroondo ruzivo munzanga.

Two yaibvira nokucherechedza nezvenhoroondo

"The wemanomano," nhoroondo iri pakuti zvaitika mukati, segirazi kuvanhu. kufamba kwayo uye mberi kwevanhu kuchengeta zvemandorokwati kwakaoma. Kazhinji, tinogona kutaura nezvomukana kuchengeta nyaya mbiri. Mumwe wavo ari akarondedzera paumbwe vomwana unhu, uye mumwe ari inopindirana kunyoresa dzakananga siyana sangano nzendo mumagariro kwendangariro. Nemamwe mashoko, nyaya ndiyo-shanduka evanhu siyana uye unhu.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvakakosha tsanangudzo nhoroondo somunhu sainzi, pakatangwa miganhu pakati yevanhu uye zviitiko kuti atore nzvimbo munhu asati azviratidza. Dambudziko iri ndechokuti mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu zvinoenderana nzvimbo munyori, mafungiro ake, dzesayenzi-yokungotaura mienzaniso uye kunyange kubva pachavo zvikaramba zvakananga zvinhu.

The dynamism kuti vanozvisanangurira nhoroondo

The tsanangudzo, kufarira kwatiri, zvingava kukwana kana tisina kuona kuti pane dynamism munhau. Yezvakaita nzanga kuti ivepo nguva dzose unochinja. Izvi zvinonzwisisika. The chaichoicho, achitaura akasiyana-siyana ukama hwevanhu sezvo logistics, zvemagariro uye anobatsira-Zvisikwadzimu, haagoni kuva kunofambira mberi.

The dynamism pakati nhoroondo vanhu inyaya yokudzidza kwenguva yakareba. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nokufunga kuedza vaGiriki vekare kuziva mananara kuitika munharaunda, kusanganisira wavo, kana muchimuka uye zvinovadadira. Kuenzanisa nyore kuenzana nguva vavhimi uye vemizambiringa kuti aonekwa rekare weboka vanhu varanda uye muranda-varidzi kwakaguma muna ngano iri "yendarama zera" ngano. Maererano ngano iyi, nyaya kunoita vari denderedzwa. The tsanangudzo, tiri kuziva, semaonero iyi maonero akasiyana chaizvo kubva ano. Chikonzero vari denderedzwa zvitange wataurwa nharo akadai: "saka Mwari akasarudza," kana "uyu ndiwo kudanwa zvakasikwa", etc. Panguva iyoyo vakanga aitaurwa mubvunzo zvinorehwa kare.

Nhoroondo nemaonero chitendero chechiKristu

Kokutanga muupenyu European pfungwa cho kare vavanhu nemaonero chitendero chechiKristu akapa Avreliy Avgustin (354-430 gg.). MuBhaibheri, yava chakakamurwa munhoroondo yevanhu kupinda mazera matanhatu. In rechitanhatu ichikosha yaakararama uye aishanda Iisus Hristos, maererano Avreliy Avgustin (asian ake anoratidzwa pazasi).

Maererano nechitendero chechiKristu, pakutanga, nyaya kunoita mune imwe nhungamiro, saka kuti ane womukati pfungwa uye pfungwa naMwari, wakaumbwa zvikuru pakupedzisira chinangwa. Chechipiri, nhoroondo yevanhu zvishoma nezvishoma ichifamba akananga mberi. Panguva iyoyo dzinodzorwa naMwari vanhu kunosvika kukura. Chechitatu, nyaya iri rakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo murume ari akasikwa naMwari nokuda kwezvivi akenda Wokumusorosoro, iye achava kuvandudza.

nhoroondo mberi

Kana, pamberi XVIII remakore vakatonga nemaonero nhoroondo yechiKristu zvachose, vanhu vanofunga European ari mangwanani ano nyasha mberi uye mitemo nhoroondo zvakasikwa, uyewo kubvuma kuzviisa pasi zvichaitirwa vanhu vose venyika vabatane mutemo chenhau kukura. Italian J. Vico, French Montesquieu uye Jean Condorcet, vanhu vokuGermany Kant, mufudzi, Hegel uye vamwe vakatenda kuti mberi zvinoratidzwa kukura sayenzi, unyanzvi, chitendero, uzivi, mutemo, uye zvichingodaro. D. vose, pakupedzisira, pfungwa yakanga yakafanana socio-nhoroondo mberi.

Marx aivawo mutsigiri mutsetse evanhu mberi. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, mberi pakupedzisira hunogara pamusoro pokumuka inobereka mauto. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa ichi panzvimbo yayo munhoroondo yevanhu mune mwero wakakodzera haisi hwairatidza. Huru basa reDare munzanga.

Kutsunga ngano vanofanira kupa, richitaura kuti kuguma XX remakore kunzwisisa mberi dzaro Linear sangano, kana panzvimbo yayo absolutization, akaratidza ayo kukundikana zvachose. Idzva kufarira vekare yaiva pfungwa, kunyanya kuibvisa kumativi. Sezvingatarisirwa, maonero aya nenzira itsva uye zvakapfumisa chimiro.

Pfungwa kuchovha nhoroondo

Vazivi vokuMabvazuva uye West vaiona upenyu nhau zviitiko nenzira chaiyo urongwa, repeatability uye mumwe mutinhimira. Pahwaro maonero aya zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba pfungwa periodicity, kureva. E. dzokororo kukura kwenzanga. Sezvakataurwa nomunyori kupfuura dzinoitwa wenhoroondo Fernand Braudel, nhoroondo mananara yaingowanikwa periodicity. Kana izvi kufungwa kubvira inception pamusoro pezvakaitwa vasati vapedza.

The periodicity kuchinja kwakacherechedzwa nenzira mbiri: systemic ani uye nhoroondo. kuchinja Social kuitika yechinangwa imwe yepamusoro mamiriro kukonzera zvinotevera kuchinja Qualitative. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti nokuda kakawanda isimbe inopiwa munzanga.

The Nhoroondo siyana periodicity, maererano masayendisiti, nzendo kukura munzanga yevanhu, kunyanya ayo kongiri aibatanidza zvinoriumba zvakaitika pane imwe nguva uye ipapo tisisipo. By mhando ratidza periodicity zvichienderana apo munyika zvinonzi muAtlantic, ndizvo zvakavamba kuchinja (duku ino), dzeraundi (mu avhareji kukosha hurongwa), kuti undulating (nokuti makuru hurongwa), uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chokwadi pamusoro mberi asbolyutno

Kunyange zvazvo mamwe mberi munzanga chimiro mumwe kana mumwe kuzivikanwa nevakawanda, zvisinei pa kuguma XIX remakore uye zvikurukuru XX remakore vakatanga kuonekwa nechokwadi pamusoro netariro pfungwa kwakakwana mberi. Nokuti nedanho mberi mune rimwe divi inoendesa regression mune mamwe, uye nokudaro vangangokukuvadza hwevanhu uye munzanga kukura.

Nhasi, chinhu chinokosha muupenyu hwedu tiri chinhu akadai nhoroondo mamiriro. Kutsanangura pavo vanoita sevasinganzwisisi kukonzera chero matambudziko. Zvisinei, sezvaungaona, nyaya inogona kuonekwa kubva kumativi akawanda, uye maonero pamusoro payo panguva dzakasiyana zvachinja chaizvo. Kokutanga tinoudzwa sayenzi iyi, kana tasvika muna September kusvika mugiredhi 5th. History, tsanangudzo dziri panguva ino vadzidzi vakanzwisisa yakati Chakarerutswa. Munyaya ino, takakurukura pfungwa ichireva uye zvakawanda-chinja. Zvino uchakwanisa kuona zvinhu cho nhoroondo, nokutsanangura. History - dzinonakidza sainzi, kujairirana izvo vakawanda vanotsvaka kuramba uye pashure chikoro.