Akakurumbira wezvenhau wokuFrance Fernand Braudel: Biography, yakanakisisa mabhuku, uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Fernand Braudel - mumwe yakakurumbira French dzakaitika. pfungwa dzake kufunga nenzvimbo uye zvoupfumi zvinhu apo kufunga nhoroondo pezvakaitwa kwakaita revolutionized sayenzi. Most Braudel aifarira kuzvarwa capitalist hurongwa. Uyewo, musayendisiti vakapinda historiographical "Annales" chikoro, iyo mubasa mukudzidza nhoroondo mananara mune zvesayenzi evanhu.

Biography

Akaberekwa Fernand Braudel muna 1902, August 24, muna Lyumeville, pedyo Verdun. Aiva mwanakomana mudzidzisi mumwe musha, uye akapedza chikamu chake uduku papurazi naambuya vake. Asi kuva zvakasikwa zvakanga pfupi-akararama - muna 1908, Braudel kutamira Paris.

Muna 1913, munyori wenhoroondo ramangwana unosvika Voltaire High School, iyo yakabudirira kudzidza muna 1920 uye akaramba zvidzidzo ake panguva Sorbonne. Izvi rinozivikanwa University of Paris jaya kudzidza muna 1923. Panguva ino akanga asarudza kubatanidza kutapwa kwavo kudzidzisa. Braudel aida chaizvo kuti nzvimbo pachikoro yakakwirira pamusoro Bar-le-Ðức, uyo akanga ava pedyo kumba kwake. Zvisinei, tariro izvi hazvina kuzadziswa. Uye Fernand akaenda mudzidzisi panguva College of Algerian. nguva ino yakanga chakaorera yokutsvakurudza ake kwesayenzi uye bepa yake yokutanga dzesayenzi yakabudiswa muna 1928. Panguva ino, akasangana naye Paula, mudzimai wake ramangwana. Mukuwedzera, dzakaitika vaifanira muchiuto kuGermany, boka reFrance nechisimba, kubvira muna 1925 kusvika 1926.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iye akaita kuti basa nesayenzi. Historian anosarudza kunyora kunyora nhoroondo nhoroondo Spain, pasinei kunenge of Sorbonne mapurofesa kutora nyaya chekuita Germany. Muna 1927, rinoongorora Braudel inotanga. Iye zvinoreva nhoroondo zvokuvakisa anochengeterwa mumaraibhurari of Salamanca, kushanyira inozivikanwa nzvimbo reMediterranean, akadai guta Dubrovnik muYugoslavia, iyo akasiya zvakawanda umboo XVI remakore.

Dzokerai Paris uye musangano unokosha

Muna 1932, Fernand Braudel akadzokera Paris uye akava mudzidzisi Lyceum Condorcet, uye gare gare - Lyceum Henry IV. Panguva ino, hunotanga ushamwari kuti kuchaguma-refu pamwe nezvimwe purofesa kare - Lucien Febvre. Huge basa kutamba, uye magazini akasika ekupedzisira muna 1929, "muNhoroondo hupfumi uye munzanga yevanhu." Magazini iyi yakanga isina chete kwesayenzi, asi echimurenga, kubva kare yakadzokororwa pakutsvakurudza nzira, vanotongwa imwe mhando uye pachake maonero nhoroondo sechinhu sainzi. Febvre akataura, kudzidza nhoroondo, teererai kwete chete hondo uye madzimambo, anozova pachigaro choushe, asiwo muupenyu vanhuwo munguva yorugare. maonero aya kukanganiswa Braudel uye munzira dzakawanda akava nhangaruvanze yake tsvakurudzo.

Muna 1935 Braudel ambopiwa pa kuva purofesa paUniversity yeSão Paulo vakaenda Brazil. Zvisinei, akagara ikoko kwenguva pfupi uye kare muna 1937 akadzokera kumba, uye kwegore akava chigaro muna Paris École pratique of hautes Etudes. Panguva iyi, kukura kwake noushamwari Fevrenom, Braudel uye anosarudza kunyora bhuku vachitungamirirwa mumwe, yakatsaurirwa kuna Ages nguva reMediterranean. Asi kutanga hondo wakavarambidza urongwa izvi.

Muna 1939 Braudel ari muuto French. Uye gore rakatevera racho, dzakaitika unobatwa uye anopedza makore hondo mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi, kutanga wokuMainz, ipapo mumusasa wevasungwa uri kuBaltic egungwa.

Hondo Yapera

Fernand Braudel, ane mabhuku nhasi dzakakurumbira kwete chete pakati dzekare asi pakati zvavo vaverengi, akasunungurwa chete pashure Second World War uye pakarepo vakadzokera kuFrance. Pano, pamba, akanga agadzwa mudzidzisi panguva Sorbonne. Muna 1947 Braudel shamwari Febvre akavamba chikamu chechina École pratique of hautes Etudes, sayenzi kwenzanga. Inobvepi garo chikamu Rockefeller Foundation. Pfungwa iyi kuchaitawo basa rinokosha mune Biography pamusoro Braudel.

Muna 1949, munyori wenhoroondo anobva Sorbonne uye akava mukuru wedhipatimendi panguva College of France. Ikoko akashanda kwenguva yakareba.

Muna 1956 anofa Lyusen Fevr, uye Braudel akava mutungamiri inobva shamwari yake chikamu chechina Kubatsira School. This post ane wenhoroondo vaizochengeta kusvikira 1973. Uyezve, Braudel uye anova mupepeti mukuru kwakavakirwa Febvre, uyo panguva iyoyo ainzi "muNhoroondo. Economy. Company. Budiriro. "

mabhuku okutanga uye "Imba Science"

Muna 1958 Braudel anoita methodological nyaya, izvo zvichava chinokosha dzidziso yake. Bhuku rainzi "History uye munzanga nesayenzi."

Muna 1959, munyori wenhoroondo ane pfungwa kuvhura imwe tsvakurudzo centre uye raibhurari. Iye kunyange vakakwira kusvikira kunzvimbo zita - ". Imba sayenzi yevanhu" Braudel chaizvoizvo ichivhenekera kumusoro pfungwa, asi ayo Implementation kwaidiwa kuwana yakawanda mari. Akabudirira chete muna 1970 - akazova mupinduriri of Ford Foundation. Pashure Panovhurwa "House" Braudel akava chikuru anotarisira tsika.

It haasiyi uye tsvakurudzo Fernand Braudel. Capitalism - yake chido chikuru makore mashomanana. Historian zvinonyatsoda zvikonzero pamusoro chiitiko ichi. Uye chinokosha munhau iyi ndechokuti Braudel akaona chiitiko ichi pane kujairika akachinjikana. Senguva dzose, akabhadhara kukuru "chisingaoneki" chaiko chinyakare nesayenzi mashoko - upenyu zvavo vomunyika.

Muna 1967, zvinoita sokuti uri echiShinto pakati kuzvitoro zvemabhuku chikamu chimwe mikuru mabasa avo kuti akanyora Fernand Braudel yokutanga. "Iyi budiriro" raiva kubudirira pakati kare asi munyori pachake haana kugutsikana chose pamwe rakabudiswa shanduro. Saka, rakundwa okuguma bhuku. Hard basa kunoguma muna 1979. Bhuku rokupedzisira shanduro yose-vhoriyamu matatu mabasa.

mumakore achangodarika

Muna 1970 Braudel resigns "muNhoroondo" mupepeti mukuru nekuda nokusawirirana pamwe vashandi vatsva. Ndiye chete munhu aizviti nhengo gozvo boka mabhuku. Zvisinei, pakarepo anowana pachake haana zvishoma kukodzera basa Fernand Braudel. Books, nyaya dzesayenzi, basa kuti "Imba Science" - ndizvo dzakaitika opedza nguva yake yose. Panguva iyoyowo, akatanga kushanda multi-mavhoriyumu basa "Kuratidzwa France." Zvisinei, iye, zvinosuruvarisa haana kushandisa basa iri kupedzisa.

The yakakurumbira wenhau, akapedza nzira yayo kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, mutaundi duku rainzi Cote d'waAzuri, 28 November 1985.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Paaiva muutapwa German, Fernand Braudel akakwanisa kupedza chinyorwa chake, yakatsaurirwa kuna Mediterranean paitonga Philip II. basa iri akadzivirirwa imwe wenhoroondo muna 1947 uye akazarura nzira yokuti pake guru nesayenzi. makore mashanu muutapwa, akashanda pasina mabhuku manyuko, manotsi pamusoro scraps mapepa.

Braudel aiva chipo kuwana masayendisiti unyanzvi. Saka, akakwanisa, unogona kutaura kuunza vakakurumbira izvi munyika sayenzi, sezvo M. ferro, G. Duby, F. Fourier J. Rivelya uye zvichingodaro.

Fernand Braudel: "Chii France '

Basa iri ndiro ichangobva basa wenhoroondo. Panguva iyoyo akanga nemimba sezvo kutanga hombe mabhuku akatevedzana vakazvipira yake yaakaberekerwa France. Chikamu ichi kutenderera ine mavhoriyamu maviri. Yokutanga inonzi "Space uye History", wechipiri - "People uye Zvinhu".

Izvi basa Braudel anganzi rakasiyana Encyclopedia France. Pano unogona kuwana hwakadzama ruzivo nezvenhoroondo, tsika uye hunhu munyika, pamusoro National hunhu uye zvinocherechedzesa vaigaramo. Kuverenga bhuku rino, mumwe anogona chete kushamiswa sei kwazvo kudzidza Braudel yokumusha kwavo.

"Iyi budiriro, upfumi uye capitalism"

Iri ndiro basa chikuru Braudel, kufukidza nguva kubva XV kusvikira XVIII remakore uye rinotsanangura nhoroondo yenyika zvoupfumi. Inguva wenhau rondedzero mbiri. Mukuwedzera, chigadzirwa anonzi mukuru budiriro rechiFrench nhoroondo chikoro "muNhoroondo" nokuti mudzidziso huru musimboti wechikoro - chidzidzo chenhau zvakafanira synthesize zvose zvinobatanidzwa vanhu.

Chikamu chokutanga, "The zvivako zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva"

Zvechokwadi, basa iri guru aisagona akapa bhuku chete, saka akavakamura kuva guru zvidimbu zvitatu Fernand Braudel. "The hurongwa zvoupenyu hwezuva nezuva" - zita iri vhoriyamu yokutanga. Pane zvakawanda kudzidza zvoupfumi zvinoumba upenyu vanhu panguva yose rinokosha shanduko uye kwaita capitalism. Bhuku akazvipira chete kune zvinhu upenyu. Aaverenga, unogona kuona kuti vanhu vakararama munguva yeMiddle Ages uye kuberekwa ano, kwete chete muna Europe asi mberi. Ndakatora vatarisire mienzaniso Fernand Braudel. "The hurongwa zvoupenyu zvezuva nezuva" kuwedzera chairatidza siyana uye zvinobva mudzidziso akadhindwa nguva, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga uye kunoita bhuku nyore-siyana vaverengi.

Chikamu "Game kugoverana" yechipiri

Chikamu ichi chine basa Middle Ages. Braudel anorondedzera zvinenge zvose zvinobatanidzwa munda ichi: basa vashambadzi veshoko, kutengeserana chaizvo zviri kure, munyika dzakawanda kuchinjanisa, chikwereti cantors. Historian chinotarisa sei basa masangano aya kupesvedzera upenyu nzanga yose zvayo. The musika upfumi - kuti ndiro dingindira bhuku rino.

Chikamu "World Time" rechitatu

Bhuku rino iri chetatu yakakurumbira trilogy, rakanyorwa Fernand Braudel. "Nguva Worugare" - rondedzero nhoroondo zvoupfumi munyika yose. Munyori rinoratidza izvozvo sezvo akatevedzana zvakasiyana-pakudzorwa youpfumi, izvo ikashandiswa imwe-nguva mutinhimira. Iye inoongorora zvinokonzera kumuka nokuwa upfumi izvi, uye anorondedzera huru hypotheses kuti dzave dzichitaurwa ari kwokutanga zvikamu.