"History" pamusoro Herodotus: yokudzidza yokutanga munhoroondo yose yesayenzi

"History" kuna Herodotus - akakurumbira Greek musayendisiti uye mufambi - runoonekwa kuva wokutanga nesayenzi nhoroondo basa zvenyika. Vakaungana kunzendo dzake zvakawanda zvinhu pamusoro mavambo, jogirafi, mungano, upenyu uye tsika dzakasiyana-siyana pavanhu, iye akanyora chinokosha basa, izvo nhasi ndeimwe chikuru manyuko yekare. Kururama akawanda mashoko yakapiwa rechiGiriki munyori mapfumbamwe pamusoro mapeji basa, rave kakawanda akasimbisa nevanochera, vanodzidza nezvavanhu, uye geographers ose akazotevera zvizvarwa.

The vamutangira pamusoro Herodotus: logographs

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kwaita nhoroondo sezvo rimwe nesayenzi zvakaitika kuti vanhu vekare. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, vanhu Akaedzawo dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kutsanangura zvakaitika zvisati zvaitika (mienzaniso nyaya dzinotevedzana mabhuku eBhaibheri, yenhau siyana uye yaMakoronike). mabasa aya, pashure dzesayenzi wenhoroondo basa, inonzi "historiography".

Kare kare zvakanyorwa "nhoroondo" Herodotus, vekare Greek nhoroondo prose Aimiririrwa mabasa logograph - vanyori, anosanganisa mharidzo chaiyo zviitiko ngano, ngano uye tsananguro nenzvimbo nzvimbo, iyo chaiitirwa izvozvo. First logograph vaifungidzira Cadmus pamusoro paMireto, uyo akararama VI remakore BC. Nhasi sayenzi anozivawo mazita Hecataeus pamusoro paMireto, Akusilaya Argos, Charon pamusoro Lampsacus, Xanthus hweRidhiya.

Mabasa Vanyori ava chaiyo uri fomu. Kunyange zvakanyorwa prose, ivo kunze yakawanda KUJEKA echiGiriki enhetembo kutaura. Sources nokuti logograph vakanga paakaita ngano uye nhetembo, nemakanzuru yaMakoronike uye yenhau, avo zvaanorumbidza, uyewo nyaya vafambi, vatengesi, vafambisi vezvikepe akashanyira madzungairiro kure. Anotevedzana kuveza ukasavimba logographs vaibudirira kururama, asi vakanga vari vokutanga kushandiswa mune tsanangudzo munhau ndandanda madzimambo namachinda, akazivisa pfungwa "zera", kuenzana makore zana kana "marudzi" vatatu. Kuteerera zvikuru ngano nenhoroondo dzamazita amadzinza, vari zvakare kubatwa mupfumi nhoroondo zvinhu, yekudyidzana kwakawedzera munyika dzakasiyana ethnological uye nenzvimbo zvinhu. Zvisinei, chinhu chikuru kwavari achiri asiri kutsvaka chenhau chokwadi uye unyanzvi nomuromo okuti, saka mabasa logograph vachiri vaiona dzisiri zvesayenzi uye rondedzero yokunyepera.

Herodotus: Biography

Basa rokutanga riri kuonekwa munhoroondo, akasika musayendisiti wechiGiriki uye muzivi Herodotus. History akachengetedza mashoko asina zvakawanda Biography munhu uyu kwazvo.

Nguva upenyu hwake kuonekwa 484 (5) - 425 makore BC. Akanga akaberekwa Doric muguta Halicarnassus (kumadokero kweAsia Minor) ari mupfumi uye anokudzwa mhuri. In hwake, aiitawo enyika kutamburira pamusoro vakakwirira kuzorwa mutongi-mudzvinyiriri, haana kubudirira ichi, uye pamwe chete nevamwe vakawanda rakamanikidzwa kuenda muutapwa.

Pakutanga, Herodotus vakagara pachitsuwa Samosi - mumwe zvikuru uye yakapfuma pamusoro reIonia zvitsuwa, nokudzora yose dzokumadokero chikamu kweGungwa reMediterranean. nokukurumidza vakangwara uye vakadzidza jaya akadzidza nhoroondo, mutauro, hurumende nyika ino uye aigona kwazvo kuramba Samosi kurarama - asi akasarudza kuenda kuenda mberi.

navi Herodotus

Zvirongwa vaifanira kunyora nhoroondo Herodotus hondo Greek-Persian. Aida dzokuzarura zvakavanzika kweuto Persian mauto - kunzwisisa chaizvo ichi multi-dzinza uye multi-lingual wehondo vaigona kutaura zvakanaka. Kuda kuudza chii hauzivi uye chii haana kutaura mamwe masayendisiti, akanga yakawanda nguva inopedzerwa anofamba - kuona, vachifunga, kurondedzera, kukurukurirana nevanhu.

Pakutanga akaenda Cyprus uye Tire, apo iye akataura nevapristi, uye ipapo akaenda kumaodzanyemba - iri Gaza Strip, kubva izvo vakaenda kuIjipiti. Achiburuka Nile kuti Siena, akaita nzira yake paGungwa Dzvuku, kuona, kunzwa, uye nameso ako napo pamusoro nyika - chaizvoizvo akaitsvaka Herodotus.

Nyaya yokufamba ake akaramba ari East: musayendisiti akurirwa kure kwazvo kubva Libya Asiria, Bhabhironi uye Ecbatana. Pashure paizvozvo, akadzokera Asia Minor, mberi kurudyi pamusoro Hellespont, uye nyika Northern Sea Black nemhenderekedzo, zvakabuda kuna Olbia - paMireto yaitongwa. Ndakashanyira Herodotus uye namaguta muBalkans Greek. Nzendo dzake, iye akasimbisa mazita vanhu vakaona munzvimbo idzodzo. Muna 444 BC akaenda yeOlympic muAtene, uko akaverenga pachena mabasa avo. Nokuti ichi akagamuchira kubva vaGiriki mubayiro mukuru nguva idzodzo - matarenda gumi (anenge mazana matatu makirogiramu dzendarama).

Pashure chiitiko ichi, akatora Zvinoshingaira mubasa dzakavamba Greek dzaidzorwa muna Furiyah. Nemhando tsika yavanhu, akatanga kuchitsigira mutsigiri hurumende yavo, akatora vagari uye akaramba achigara munzvimbo. Zviri Furiyah imwe nzvimbo pakati pemakore 430-425 BC, uye akafa, vachisiya chete chete, asi basa mukuru ndiye wokutanga musayendisiti-wenhoroondo aizivikanwa vanhu - Herodotus.

"History": pfupiso

Zvakabuda mubasa ravo musayendisiti vasanganiswa munzvimbo imwe basa-dimensional matatu, zvakanyorwa mune, mutauro mavara yainakidza, achisimbisa munyori wacho kunoshamisa pamwero unyanzvi Genre nyaya. nokusika mabasa apo vaongorori vakawana chete anenge, pakati pemakore 427-421 BC.

"History" kuna Herodotus muchimiro zvatinoziva nazvo nhasi, rinoumbwa mabhuku mapfumbamwe (pamutemo) imwe yaitonga. bhuku rimwe nerimwe riri vanoda pashure mumwe Greek afungisisa anoti. The weboka chinyorwa bhuku zvakaitika gare gare nemhaka mabasa matauriro Alexandria kugadzira. Nhanganyaya rine ruzivo pamusoro zita munyori basa uye rinozivisa chinangwa chikuru basa rake.

Kunyorwa Herodotus anotaura yeGirisi Persian hondo uye tsika dzavanhu yekare. Rine zvakawanda nezvenhoroondo nyika yekare (Lydia, Media, Egypt, Persia, cheScythia), ukama hwavo vaGiriki uye mumwe nomumwe. Tikatora tsananguro zviitiko uye pfungwa dzake pamusoro apa, "baba munhoroondo" Herodotus kutanga vakaita achitsoropodza panonyuka vaivimba ari kunyora basa rake, uyewo systematized chokwadi. Kutsanangura rakakura nenzvimbo uye anthropological asides akatanga akashandisa zvakawanika akaita oga.

"History" pamusoro Herodotus: ukoshi

Labor Herodotus akadana zvakawanda nemafungiro avo vaitevedzera muenzaniso wake, kuramba kutanga sayenzi kare. Vamwe akatumidza munyori mukuru ari "baba kare", vamwe vakamupomera nhema, kuwana zvikanganiso uye kufungidzirwa zviitiko.

Zvisinei, ongororo dzakawanda dzesayenzi inoitwa akazotevera remakore, uye - kupfuura zvose - the zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo zvakaratidza kuti ruzhinji kutongwa Herodotus akarondedzera ake "History", rakava rechokwadi. Nhasi, basa rake kunokosha zvikuru, kwete chete munhoroondo, asiwo zvinoyevedza, tsika, mabhuku pfungwa, Herodotus anoita chimwe chinofadza zvikuru nevanyori kare.