Historical mifananidzo: vezvematongerwo enyika, masayendisiti, mauto

Mubvunzo apo vanyori vazhinji, mafilosofi, uye vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakafungisisa: ndiani anoita nhoroondo? Unhu hukuru - nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare? Kana vanhu - vanhu vemapurisa? Zvichida, zvose zviri zviviri. Dzimwe nhamba dzezvakaitika zveRussia nenyika, dzakasarudza kuguma kwezviuru nemamiriyoni evanhu, zvichatsanangurwa munyaya yacho.

Nhoroondo uye unhu

Musoro webasa reumwe munhu akakurumbira munhoroondo yave iri kunetseka vanofungidzira kwemazana emakore, kubva panguva iyo mafilosofi ezvakaitika kare akatanga kukura. Mazita evanhu vakanyorwa kare, akadai saNapoleon, Columbus, Washington, kuMacedonia, anozivikanwa munyika yose. Vanhu ava, avo vakapinda munhau sevematongerwo enyika makuru, masayendisiti, geographers, vakaita chikamu chakakura mukusimudzirwa kwevanhu. Vakagadzira kana kuputsa zvachose maitiro ehupenyu pamusoro pehupenyu. Ivo vanofananidzira zvinyorwa zvinorehwa kuti munhu, akasimba uye asinganzwisisiki, ndiye simba rekufambisa renhoroondo. Iko kune izvo zvataurwa nevazivi kuti nhoroondo haisi chinhu chinongorondedzero yehupenyu hwehupenyu hwakanaka.

Kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda

Nhoroondo dzakaitika dzeEurope ndeyokutanga uye mberi kwevanhu avo mavo mumaoko avo simba iri rakanyanya kuiswa. Ava ndivo vanhu vakatsvaka kukunda nyika. Mumwe wevanokunda nyika-vakakurumbira aiva Julius Caesar. Nokurondedzera kutsanangura zvaakaita, zvakakosha kuziva basa rake rinokosha pakuwedzera miganhu yeHurumende yeRoma (pamberi paKesari weRiphabhuli yeRoma), kuchinja kwehutungamiri hwevanhu (somuenzaniso, kutsigira mauto ekare, kuunza simba vanhuwo zvavo), uyewo masimba, mauto nekunyorera mano.

Macedonian, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Hitler vanozivikanwawo nhoroondo dzeEurope, avo vanoda kutonga nyika. Vose vakasiya nzira yavo yakaoma zvikuru munhoroondo.

Mifananidzo inoshamisa yeRussia

Ivan Anotyisa, Alexander Nevsky, Peter I, Catherine II Mukuru, Nicholas I - vanhu vakave nemasimba makuru ekubudirira kweRussia. Vakanga vari musimba panguva dzinokosha dzezvakaitika kare. Izvo uye vamwewo vakashambadzirwa kare vanoverengeka veRussia vakapinda muhondo dzekudzikinura, vakachengetedza zvido zvenyika, vakagadzirisa nheyo dzisimboti.

Nhamba huru dzeKivanvan Rus

Muchokwadi wekusagadzikana kwenyika yeRussia, murume weOrthodox wechokwadi, murwi akashinga aiva Alexander Nevsky. Hondo yeNeva, umo Alexandre akaratidza kuti ari muongorori mukuru, chiitiko chinokosha munhoroondo yenyika. Akaratidza simba uye ushingi hwevanhu veRussia. Alexander Nevsky (Hondo yeNeva inopupurira izvi) akakwanisa kubatanidza Novgorod naLadoga squads kuti vadzorere kuparadzwa kwevaSweden muna 1240, nokudaro kudzivisa kupararira kweKaturike.

Vatungamiri veMhuri yeChipiri nechekuMadokero kupindira munguva dzeDambudziko muRussia - Dmitry Pozharsky naZuzma Minin - vakaitawo basa rinokosha munhoroondo yenyika. Vakasunungura Russia kubva kune dzimwe nyika, vakadzivirira kuparadzwa kwenyika uye kuparadzwa kweOrthodoxy.

Nhamba huru dzeMambo weRussia

Vanyori vezvematongerwe enyika vanobudirira muRussia Peter naCatherine. Petro anozivikanwa zvikuru semunhu anovandudza uye anokunda. Pamwe chete naye, Umambo hweRussia hwakava humwe humwe hukuru hukuru hwepasi. Miganhu yenyika yakapararira: kwaiva nekubuda kuBaltic, Pacific Pacific, Gungwa reCaspian. Nhungamiro yaPetro yemhuri inoberekawo zvibereko. Akashandura hondo, akasika marwisi. Petro (uye mushure make, Catherine II Mukuru) vakabhadhara zvikuru dzidzo yenyika.

Catherine akabatsira pakuvhura kwezvikoro zvekudzidzisa, zvitsvakurudzo zvekutsvaga, tsika dzemitambo. Akaenderera mberi nepurogiramu yaPetro yekusimbisa nzvimbo yeRussia munyika. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vatongi vakuru vararame nevanhu vasina ruzivo, apo hondo dzaibatanidzwa, mitero inowedzera, uye serfdom yakasimbiswa. Kudzokera kumubvunzo wekuti ndiani anosika nhoroondo, inogona kupindurwa kuti idzi dzaiva hukama hwakanaka huri musimba uye hunotadza vanhu kuti vawane zvinangwa zvemari uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Nhoroondo dzakazivikanwa dzezvakaitika zvezana remakore rechi20

Kuchinja kwakaitika munhoroondo yenyika dzakawanda dzenyika, yakakura uye panguva imwechete yakadzingwa yakauya kunzvimbo yezita renyika yose vezvematongerwo enyika vakadai saLenin, Thatcher, Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt, Hitler, etc. Lenin, uyo ainzi mutevedzeri, akaparadza umambo hwose uye akavaka Nzvimbo yekutanga yechishumosi pasi. Hapana maonero akafanana nezveunhu hwake nemabasa ake. Chii chakakonzerwa nemabasa ake? Zvechokwadi, dzimwe shanduko dzayo uye shanduko dzaive nemagumisiro akanaka munzanga uye nyika. Izvi zvinonyanya kupedzisira kuparadzaniswa kwekirasi yeboka revanhu, kubudiswa kwekusvika kwese kwedzidzo nemishonga.

Joseph Stalin, somuenzaniso, kwenguva yakareba aionekwa sechifananidzo chevanhu vose veUnited. Stalin, pasi pekutonga kwake nyika yakakunda kukunda kukuru kwehondo, yaiva murume akaoma. Chete mushure mekudengenyeka kweunhu hutsika hutsvene hwakatanga kuvhura kuregerera zvinyorwa zvayo. Joseph Stalin akaita sarudzo yakaoma, haana kufunga nezvemaonero evamwe vanhu, akavapindura, akaita kuti vanhu vawedzere kugadzikana pamwe chete uye urongwa hwemakore mashanu, asi vakaunza nyika kumwero wehukuru.

Vatongi vakakurumbira veRussia

Munhoroondo yeRussia pane nguva dzakaoma dzakaoma - dambudziko uye neropa rehondo. Mugumo wenyika waiva kazhinji mumaoko evakuru vakuru vehondo, ruzivo rwavo rwehutano nekuona mberi. Mapeji anokosha ezvinyorwa anobatanidzwa nemabasa ehondo aV Suvorov, MI Kutuzov, PS Nakhimov, AA Brusilov, GK Zhukov nevamwe vakuru uye heroes kune vanhu vanobhadhara kudenga, uye nyika - mukurumbira wakakunda.

Mutungamiri mukuru anonzi Suvorov A. V., uyo akanyatsoita chiPolish, Turkish, uye pakuguma kwehupenyu uye muItaly mhirizhonga. Tarenda yake uye chiratidzo chitsva chehondo yakakunda maguta akawanda eEurope neAsia. Imwe yemapurogiramu anozivikanwa zvikuru eSuvorov ndiyo yeSwitzerland, iyo, yakatarisana nokusakanganiswa kweuto reAustria, mamiriro asina kunaka uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emauto, akakwanisa kukunda kukunda kukuru.

Kutuzov, MI vakabatanidzwa mune zvakawanda zvemauto, asi kubwinya kwake kwakauyiswa nemurairo weuto munguva yePatriotic War neFrance. Mushure mekunge kwete kubudirira zvikuru hondo nemauto eFrance, Kutuzov akadzoka, asi chinangwa chake chaiva chokupedza vaFrance nekumuendesa kumadokero. Kutuzov's strategic plan yakanga iri kubudirira, uye umambo hwakakunda.

Unhu hweGK Zhukov ndewimwe yakakakavadzana pakati pezviratidzo zvezvakaitika kare. Kufanana nehuzhinji hwehukama hwakasimba, Zhukov anoda kuzvidza, kuongorora zvaanoita, kuramba zvaanofanira. Hazvina mubvunzo, iye ndiye munhu mukuru pane zvakaitika kare. Munguva yeGreat Great Patriotic akaendeswa kunzvimbo dzekuparadza kukuru kwevavengi. Nzira dzake dzekutungamirira hondo, dzakaoma uye dzakasarudzwa, dzakashanda. Kukunda kokutanga muhondo kwakakundwa nemauto pasi peYelnya, uko Zhukov akarayira. Ndiyo wokutanga marshal uyo ane purogiramu yehondo paKursk Bulge, maererano nemauto ayo anofanira kuchengetedza nemaune nekudzoka, uye pakarepo kurwisa. Iri sarudzo yakashanda-kukundwa kwakakundwa, izvo zvakagadzirisa imwe nzira yehondo. Yakawanikwa nekushanda kwevakuru vakuru, ushingi hwemahofisi nemauto. Zhukov GK akasiyana nemasikirwo akasiyana-siyana, kutarisa kumasoja, zvakananga zvekuchenjera, kunyatsogadzirira kurwisana.

Nyanzvi dzakanaka dzeRussia masayendisiti

Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vanozivikanwa zvikuru muRussia vanotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Zvisinei, kwete chete vezvematongerwe enyika vane tarenda uye vamiririri vakapfuma munyika yeRussia. Vanhu, nokuda kwekuti nyika yakafambira mberi mune sayenzi, ndeyvesayendisiti. Zvibereko zvekuchenjera kwemasayendisiti eRussia anoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzenyika. PN Yablochkov akagadzira bhururo remagetsi, VK Zvorykin - electron microscope, uye akarongawo terevhizheni, SP Korolev yakagadzira mhepo yekutanga yemasipolisi, spikoni uye nyika yekutanga yepasi.

Shanduro yose yesayenzi yakasikwa neApp Vinogradov - iyi ndiyo geochemistry ye isotopes. Yakashandirwa kubatsira nyika, IV Kurchatov, uyo akavaka chigadzirwa chekutanga chenyika yenyukireya. Boka rake rakagadzira bhomba reatomu.

Uye zvakare zvinokwanisika kunyora mabasa emasayendisiti akakurumbira-vanachiremba. MA Novinsky akazova muvambi wekuongorora incology. SS Yudin ndiye wokutanga kutaura pamusoro pekugona kuwedzerwa ropa kwevanhu vakangoerekana vafa. S S. S. Briukhonenko akava muumbi wezvigadzirwa zvekuparadzira maitiro. Iyo yakave yakakurumbira yeRussian anatomist, NI Pirogov, yakatanga kuunganidza maatomu pamusoro pehutachiona, yekutanga munyika kuti ashandise anesthesia.

Zvikuru zvemitambo nhamba

Tsika inokura nehupenyu hwevanhu, saka, pasina mubvunzo, vamiririri vezvedzidzo ndivowo vadzidzisi vemhau. Ruremekedzo neruremekedzo zvinowanikwa nevaRussia vanyori, vanyori, vanyori, vaongorori, vatungamiri uye mamwe maitiro emitambo. Pakati pevanyori vanofanirwa kuzivikanwa mazita ekuRussia iconography: Andrei Rublev, Theophanes the Greek uye Dionysius. Zvifananidzo pamabasa avo zvinoshamisa uye ndezvechokwadi. Vane nyanzvi yemapurisa vepasi vaive IK Aivazovsky, II Shishkin, AK Savrasov. Mifananidzo mikuru : SS Shchukin, VA Tropinin, AP Bryullov, VA Serov nevamwe.

Kuumbwa kweRussia uye nyika yebhaleti inosanganiswa nemazita emakungwa makuru eRussia: OA Spesivtseva, GS Ulanova, AP Pavlova, MM Plisetskaya. Ivo vanobatanidzwa nemakore akazara munhoroondo yeRussia tsika.

Mabasa evanyori veRussia anotora vanhu kubva kumativi ose enyika. Idzidziso yePushkin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Bulgakov uye vamwe vari kurwisa nenzira yakasiyana-siyana, maitiro uye kungwarira, mazano, heroes, filosofi uye chokwadi chehupenyu.