Hammurabi Code muMutemo uye ayo unhu. Property uye munataisireva Sudebnik King Hammurabi

Izvi matongo zvinoratidza sezvo Hammurabi Code muMutemo, akasiyana nevamwe. muviri iyi mutemo hwakagadzwa muna pezana XVIII remakore BC. Kuti achengetedze nayo kuzvibereko, vaBhabhironi akadzinga rugwaro wechikamu basalt kuti pakutanga zvakachengetwa munzvimbo pakati rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Pashure mashomanana emakore, kana simba rawa, iri shongwe akakurudzirwa Susa. Zvino ndicho rwezasi-nechokumadokero Iran. Zviri pano Mitemo raHammurabi akawanikwa French mumatongo panguva pakundopambara 1901-1902 gg.

Description of shongwe

On mbiru mberi kwave ngaarayire. Izvi zvakaitwa navaEramu, vakatora danda, akatamira guta wake kumabvazuva. vanhu ava mambo akaraira kuti kudzima pakati chepakuvamba chitaridzi kune vakasununguka nzvimbo vataure kukunda kwavo kukuru pamusoro peBhabhironi.

Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hakutadzisi shongwe iyi mukuru mitemo zvavanhu. Zvinonzi kufuka chete pasherefu nevamwe Codes nevamwe dzakasiyana siyana munyika iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, Hammurabi Code muMutemo uye mirayiro Manu, akagamuchira muIndia, kazhinji vave vanovengwa yakawiriranwa kuongorora. Zviri zvinyorwa izvi kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa sei vanhu vaigara ipapo uye sei akatarira nyika yakavapoteredza.

Yokumusoro Chikamu unotemwa hwakajeka mufanidzo mbiru. Unoratidza kuti mambo Hammurabi. Anonyengetera kuna Mwari uye kururamisira Shamash zuva, yaunopiwa gavhuna mitemo. Mamwe pemvura mbiru uzere wenyaya. Pakupedzisira, panewo.

Vaongorori ndokuparadzanisa vakarongedza hondo 282 nyaya. Nokuti kuti chikamu chacho kwave dzadzimwa, pachine 247. chete Kunyange pashure 1902, vanochera matongo vakawana kuenderera rugwaro urwu pamahwendefa evhu akanga achengetwa mune dzimwe nemisha mudunhu, uyewo yakakurumbira raibhurari veNinevhe.

History chokusika

emakore anoverengeka pamberi Hammurabi kuMesopotamiya pakanga pane centralized mamiriro. Rakanga vakabatana kupota Sumer uye Akkad. Pashure nechisimba wavaAmori-muArabhu kubva steppes dzakapoteredza inotungamirwa ichi yakadhirika. Munzvimbo yacho yakaonekwa mashoma inoti diki, kusanganisira Bhabhironi. Muna 1755 BC, Mambo Hammurabi vakabatana nokwenzvimbo umambo. Uyezve, iye sacked Susa. Yakanga pashure kukunda iyi inokosha yakabudiswa sudebnik King Hammurabi.

Mitemo ndiwo anokosha mabviro nokuziva mutemo East yekare. Zvinorayirwa, iyo yakabuda apo Hammurabi, rwakatora emakore akawanda. The nadzurudzo yave yekudyidzana makawedzera mamiriro muchinangwa hwezuva nezuva vagari voumambo.

Zvinyorwa pabwe akanyorwa nevaBhabhironi nendimi weAkkadian. Panyaya iyi, iyo kuvhura nokuvhara chikamu vane imwe mutinhimira.

kirasi yokutanga

Kufanana nevamwe kuunganidza mitemo raHammurabi Code muMutemo anotanga kupesana pachena munzanga kupinda evanhu mapoka akawanda. Okumusoro makirasi vaionekwa vagari vemunzvimbo duku. Mapoka aya kodzero kuzvitonga. Nhengo imwe neimwe dzidzo kugamuchirwa zvaiita vaiva munyika ivhu rakaorera. nzira iyi kwatova panguva yaitonga Hammurabi - izvozvo chete akasimbisa tsika iyi. Madzimambo eBhabhironi haana kupindira muupenyu hwavo, uye kunyanya kwete vakaedza waidzora kugovera nyika. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vairambidzwa kubata kwokurangana izvi. Kunyange zvakadaro, nharaunda nguva vaibhadhara mitero yavo papfuma yamambo. Mipiro iyi chakaita kuti yakakura chikamu pfuma humambo hweBhabhironi. Hammurabi Code of Mutemo basa gavhuna simba rokugadza munharaunda vakuru. At ichi simba rake hwavo akapera. Property uye munataisireva Sudebnik King Hammurabi kwaienderana achinyanya evanhu ezvinhu.

Mukati vemunharaunda akaparadzirwa kwema pamwe pfuma. Nyika vakatengesa, was uye akaita nyaya mhindu. Size akaisa aviluma (mugari wenyika boka) zvingava 1 kusvika 60 hectares.

kirasi yechipiri

Vamiririri kirasi yechipiri dzainzi mushkenum. Iri izwi rinoreva vanhu vakanga vasiri nhengo munharaunda uye haana pachavo mugove wavo. Saka, vanofanira kunge vakagamuchira nyika ehurumende uye kukudziridza nayo, kusvika imwe kuvimba nesimba mambo. Kazhinji nhengo dzekirasi vakava varombo vagari vomumusha, uyo akapa mugove pachake chikwereti.

Sezvo Bhabhironi raiva muzinda wetsika nharaunda, pano akatambanudza vagari dzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, vakanga muArabhu vanoda kugadzirisa munyika. Kuti vaite izvi, vanogona kuwana kupfeka mambo uye mubasa rake. By mushkenum zvakafana anokudzwa uye vakuru vari rinoitirwa, uye murombo vanhuwo zvavo.

Kirasi wechipiri akanga asina hurumende. Izvi zvaireva kuti upenyu hwake vakatonga zvachose wavarindi yaitonga. Yokuisira vane nzvimbo dzevoruzhinji zvinogona kunzi imwe nzvimbo pasina achinyevera. The pfuma ndiyo kirasi yechipiri kana tichienzanisa pfuma avilumov tichichengetedzwa yakasimba zvikuru, sezvo akanga voruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, maererano 8 nyaya, kuba pfuma yakadaro nechirango imwe zvakapetwa kagumi yakanaka. Kana mbavha vaisagona kubhadhara kuti mamiriro wake muhomwe, ipapo akaurayiwa.

Vanonyanya kupa Sudebnik Hammurabi vanoti kukura mamiriro wakabudiswa akapfekwa zvaitsamira chii nzvimbo rakapiwa murume. The kupfuura vaikoshesa basa priestesses mutemberi uye vaitenga (tamkarov). vanhu vakadaro vanogona kuwana kubva 12 kusvika 75 hectares nyika. Property uye munataisireva Sudebnik Hammurabi akanga ari muchiuto, sezvo kutaurwa. Masoja uye uise navapfuri vesimbi vakagadzirira kubva 9 kusvika 12 hectares. Pastoralists taigutsikana nezvinhu zviduku kwokurangana.

varanda

Boka rechitatu vaiva varanda, kana vardumy. vanhu ava vaiva muridzi, vaigona takasununguka kurasa upenyu hwavo uye rusununguko nguva. Nokuti kupondwa muranda akapomerwa chidukuduku yakaisvonaka.

Property uye munataisireva Sudebnik Hammurabi akanga ushandiswe kupfuura hwakadzama nzira. Hazvina hanya uye varanda. Somuenzaniso, nokuti kuchengeta mutizi varanda murume akamirira kurangwa zvakasimba kusvikira rufu. Varanda, vakanga vapomera mukurwisa vanhu vakasununguka, vakatongerwa akagura nzeve. Uye yaigona kuita, uye tenzi wavo.

nhapwa chinzvimbo akanga nhaka kunze zviitiko apo mwana akazvarwa nomukadzi akasununguka. Kana munhu ndokuwira vaiva mamiriro kana kirasi yechipiri, kuti chinzvimbo chake haana kudaro rinorema. Aigona kutanga mhuri. Varanda vakanga anonzi munharaunda, kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, sezvo hurumende asingagari kupindira ukama hwavo varidzi.

Kuva nechimwe vanhu vakaderera anonyanya pakutsvaga chinzvimbo uye kwete remunhu upfumi. Izvi zvinonyatsooneka nokuda sei aikoshesa upenyu munharaunda vanogara uye nevaya vaishandira State. Somuenzaniso, kana N'anga pakurapa aviluma, akagamuchira mubayiro 10 mashekeri esirivha. Kana murwere wake mushkenum, ipapo 5. muranda Health akapa 2 neshekeri. Kana chiremba asina kukuvadzwa utano vagari vomumusha, iye akagura rwake.

dare

General zvatariswa Sudebnik Hammurabi anoti Bhabhironi akarangwa kwazvo zvenhema. Zviri tsanangudzo chakadaro anotanga mazita nyaya pamusoro basalt padombo. Mutsara wokutanga rinoti kuti kana munhu ari kupomerwa imwe umhondi uye haana kukwanisa kuratidza izvi mudare, achaita kuurayiwa nokuda whistleblowing ake. Izvi nokuda kwokuomerwa nheyo wakaenzana muripo (rimwe zita - talion). Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva mutemo uyu kuti mashoko okuti "ziso neziso" uye "zino nezino. '

VaBhabhironi vakanga kwamanenji chaizvo vanhu. Naizvozvo, kupomera dzaiva nevakawanda uroyi. Mhosva mhosva yakadaro aifanira svetuka kupinda yakadzika murwizi, izvo maererano nezvitendero, kazhinji mwari. It anosarudza mhosva wacho. Kana akanga achinyudza, muchuchisi aigona kutora imba muroyi. tsika raMwari rokutonga chikasanyenga chete vekare zvikuru. Aigara kuna Middle Ages, apo vaKristu vakatsunga kukanganisa munhu pamusoro kana richapona ruoko akatura vakapinda kufashaira mvura.

Vanonyanya kupa Hammurabi Sudebnik kushuma uye kunyatsoomerera kuita vatongi. Kana mutongi kwakaita sarudzo uye akapa gwaro, anodhinda kusimbiswa, uye akasarudza hwokufungazve nyaya, anofanira akabhadhara yakanaka huru, uye akanga kunyimwa muhofisi yake. Tsika iyi yaishandiswa muRoma.

Kana dare haisi kukwanisa kubata mbavha kunyimwa munhu pfuma yake, nharaunda akatambura recoverable kukuvadza kwayo (Article 23). murau uyu anonetseka chete avilumov. Kana kuurayiwa nhengo yemhuri, ipapo munhu akasununguka murume yakagamuchira dzosera kubva Community muna uwandu imwe maina resirivha (24 nyaya). Izvi chiyero yekare yaishandiswa dzakasiyana siyana, somuenzaniso kuGreece, panguva imwe chete kwose kwose rinowanikwa zvakasiyana. In Bhabhironi rekare, mumwe wangu akanga inenge 600 magiramu. sungiro izvi Sudebnik Hammurabi ndeimwe mashoma zvinhu waidzora upenyu vomunharaunda.

Zvikuru varangwe zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Somuenzaniso, kana paiva moto, uye mumwe muvakidzani akauya kumba akasununguka murume, kuti purofiti, unogona pakarepo ugokandwa chete moto. Mutsara uyu - sezvazviri. Kunoratidzwa Sudebnik Hammurabi anoti mutemo asingadi rambidza Lynch matsotsi.

koporo chirango

Mwanakomana yakarova baba vake vaiva nahwo rwake. Mune ichi nezvimwe nyaya zhinji kuburitswa musimboti kuti chirango akanga pasi "mhosva" muviri. Nokuti puncturing meso chisarudzo dare zvakare gouged meso. Izvozvo zvinongofanana nokushandura mazuva akavhuna mapfupa, mazino uye mamwe makuvaro.

Nokuti kurova munhu dama rweberere rokumusoro kirasi, akatongerwa 60 lashes. Kana kusawirirana yakadaro unovapo pakati kufurirwa (semuenzaniso, pakati mushkenum), Muvambi akarangwa wakaisvonaka.

Mubayiro basa uye zvokutengeserana

Nyaya vazhinji kuyeriswa kuna slipshod basa uye inattention. Somuenzaniso, kana muvezi akavaka rusvingo kuti vakadonha mushure, aifanira kuvaka zvakare achizvibhadharira zvaanoda.

In Bhabhironi kwaikosha chaizvo boaters mabasa. zvaitakura zvinhu. Kana mhosva yavo vakaparara pamwe chikepe misi, uye zvichingodaro. E., vakanga vabhadhare muridzi kukosha vakaparadzwa pfuma. General Unhu Sudebnik King Hammurabi ndechokuti chero zvakaipa aionekwa mudare mamiriro, izvo zvinogona kuona kukura muunganidzwa.

Mitemo inodzora mubayiro-basa, akaronga mari mabasa nyanzvi dzokugadzira, mhizha, vavaki, vafudzi uye zvichingodaro. D. Fixed mitengo kunobatsira kudzivisa kurwisana pakati mapato.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, hurumende pfuma kuba yaiva mhosva inotongerwa rufu. Nokuba wevane zvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu anotenga chinhu kubva mwanakomana aviluma. Chokwadi raiva kuti vana vasingagoni kurasa mhuri pfuma. Panyaya iyi, kuti kutengeserana kwaenzaniswa kuti kuba uye chirango rufu mutengi. Also kurangwa kutengeserana kuita kuburikidza kubvumirana. Of Mutemo Hammurabi zvavo zvachose kushandisirwa zvibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, muchato hauna kugadzirirwa pamwe yakakodzera bepa, asingagoni kunganzi.

rechiuto

Vanhu vanozviwana veuto ramambo, vakazoguma kupfeka, kureva, vanopinda kirasi yechipiri. Vakadaidzwa redumu (kunze nyika vakanga paakavapa mumwe uye mombe) uye bairum. Mamiriro mauto akanga nhaka. Kana uto yave vaunganidza mari yakakwana, aigona kutenga chaiyo, asi akaramba kushanda. Kwema vane mamiriro pfuma, maererano mugove, zvakarambidzwa. Kana munhu ndokuutenga (semuenzaniso mombe), zvingadai kurashikirwa chete kuritenga asiwo ake sirivha.

Ndivo muchiuto chinzvimbo uye faira. Vakateerera wavatariri - vakuru uye ten'ses mamaneja. Saka kuti hondo yakanga yakasimba chirango, hurumende zvikuru kurangwa hazing. Kushungurudzwa nemapurisa, kusanganisira kuba, nechirango chorufu. Redumu vaiva doro inifanduri, nepo bairumy takagadzirira uta nemiseve vakava.

mhuri

Yokumusoro Kirasi vaigara zvachose mhuri imwe. Saka, musoro wemhuri aigona rubatso vana vavo kana mukadzi. Uyezve, munhu anosarudza remangwana madzimai vana vavo. Mukadzi akanga ari mumamiriro kuvimba musoro wemhuri. Saka, maererano 177 nyaya, iye aifanira kuva akatendeka kunyange akafa murume. Independents vakanga chete vakadzi vari priestesses. Zvisinei, kazhinji havagoni kuva nemhuri, achipedzera hwake basa vamwari (110 nyaya).

Kana mukadzi aisagona kutsungirira vana kumurume wake, iye aigona kuidya. Kuti aite izvi aifanira kubhadhara rudzikinuro roora wakaenzana vakauya kubva kumba kwababa vake. Pashure paizvozvo kurambana aizopiwa pamutemo. Kana panguva mukadzi muchato hazvirevi kutenga zvachose, murume wangu aifanira kumusiya kune imwe sirivha yangu. Kurambana inodzorwa nedare.

Kana mudzimai kunoratidzwa vakasindimara hunhu, havana kuteerera murume kana pachena akamuderedza, aiva nekodzero kumuramba pasina kubhadhara apo norudzikinuro. Uyezve, murume aigona kumusiya naye uye kuroorwa kechipiri. Panyaya iyi, aimbova mudzimai akava muranda mumba make.

Asi dare zvakare akadzivirira uye mukadzi. Somuenzaniso, kana murume akanga akasiyana kudhakwa, I akamuda kunyadzisa, mudzimai aigona kuenda kudare, wakange kodzero kubvumira naye kusiya imba uye tora navo kure kumuroora. Vomumhuri nemhosva makunakuna, vakapiswa padanda. Izvi kwainzi chivi inotyisa uye kumhura.

mhedziso

Pashure pokunge yataura 282 nyaya basalt ibwe kugumisa rakanyorwa Hammurabi chiso. Mariri rinodonongodza nokubudirira kwake, uye anotarisira kuti mitemo yayo kurangana mufaro uye rugare kune nyika yake.

Mukupedzisira, mukuru hunhu Sudebnik Hammurabi. Mambo akati kuti mitemo yake inodiwa kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti hapana munhu anogona munomanikidza simba. Akatiwo kururamisira kunofanira wose - kubva kuvakuru kusvika nherera nechirikadzi.

In dzinokwidzwa dzavo mambo kazhinji anozviti rakaisvonaka, wakanakisisa uye akachenjera. Panobva chivimbo ichi ndechokuti mambo akatenda kana mitemo vakapiwa kwaari vamwari, kusanganisira Shamash, Marduk, uye zvichingodaro. D.

General zvechadenga mitemo Hammurabi Sudebnik anopiwa rokupedzisira ndima. The Emperor vaidavira kuti, kana akaurayiwa, anogona zvakakwana hurongwa uye vanhu vakakwana kuti ruchavapo kusvikira pakuguma kwenguva.