Physico-mushonga characterization kuti zvinhu

Physical uye namakemikari tsvakurudzo sezvo kutungamirirwa Analytical kemisitiri zvave chaizvo ose munda mabasa evanhu. Vanobvumira kuti kuongorora nzvimbo iri fuma kufarira, kusarudza quantitative chezvinonhuwira zvakamisa hurongwa iri mharidzo.

pakudzidza

kwesainzi ndiyo cognition ane chinhu kana chiitiko kuti vawane kwegadziriro pfungwa uye ruzivo. The kushanda nhungamiro dzakashandiswa dzinoiswa mu:

• empirical;
• sangano;
• weupirikiri;
• Nzira Qualitative uye quantitative kuongorora.

Empirical tsvakurudzo nzira inoratidza chinhu pasi kudzidza kuburikidza zvokunze kuratidzwa uye anosanganisira kuongorora nekuyera, kumwe kuedza, kuenzanisa. The empirical kudzidza pazvikanganiso yakavimbika chokwadi uye hakudi pakusikwa chakagadzirwa ezvinhu kuti ongororo.

nzira Kwesangano - kuenzaniswa, longitudinal, kunzwisisa. First zvinoreva achishandisa fananidzo ichiti ari chinhu wakatorwa panguva dzakasiyana uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana nepedyo. Longitudinal - Kuongorora chinangwa kudzidza kwenguva refu kwenguva. The kunzwisisa chinhu uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. longitudinal uye kuenzaniswa nzira.

Weupirikiri nzira - magene uye STRUCTURAL. Genetic musiyano wezvinyorwa kunosanganisira kudzidza chinhu kubva pakutanga kwayo. Structural nzira anoongorora uye rinotsanangura zano chinhu.

Nzira Qualitative uye quantitative pachisara achibata Analytical kemisitiri. Chemical zvidzidzo zvainanga Pakusarudza Kuronga pakutsvakurudza chinhu.

Nzira quantitative ongororo

Achishandisa quantitative Kuongorora Kuronga makemikari rinorondedzerwa Analytical kemisitiri. Zvinenge zvose dzakashandiswa kudzidza dzinovakwa maererano zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako zviri pafuma yacho sezvamunoita.

Quantitative ongororo iri yose, kwakakwana uye kukwana. Zvinonyatsorehwa kuwanda zvose anozivikanwa zvinhu kuti chinhu kuitwa kudzidza, pasinei nokuti vari aripo murwiyo kana kwete. Full ongororo kuwana akasiyana quantitative Kuronga zvinhu zviri mharidzo. Rushoma musimboti anosarudza zviri chete zvakamisa hurongwa kufarira kudzidza makemikoro.

Zvichienderana nzira ongororo pane mapoka matatu nzira: makemikari, panyama uye physicochemical. All dzinobva nokuchinja kwomuviri kana namakemikari ehupfumi zviri pfuma.

mushonga zvidzidzo

Nzira iyi anokanda hwokuziva zvinhu quantitatively siyana nemakemikari kuitika. Ekupedzisira vane zvimwewo kuratidzwa (ruvara shanduko, mhindumupindu negasi, kupisa, precipitate). Nzira iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa minda yakawanda upenyu evanhu vemazuva ano. Laboratory kutsvakurudza kwemakemikari kuri hazvo aripo ari mishonga, petrochemical, kuvaka bhizimisi uye nevamwe vakawanda.

nezvemarudzi matatu kwemakemikari tsvakurudzo vangazivikanwa. Gravimetry, kana gravimetric kuongorora kwakavakirwa quantitative unhu kuchinja ane analyte iri mharidzo. Ipfungwa Izvi nyore uye anopa zvabuda yakarurama asi ndiyo nguva unoparadza. In ichi mhando kwemakemikari nzira kuongorora achida fuma wobudiswa zvinonyatsorehwa anoumba munhu precipitate kana gasi. Zvakanga ipapo vakapinzwa yakasimba insoluble danho iri yakasvinwa, kushambidzwa uye akaomeswa. Maitiro anotevera aya pachikero chikamu.

Titrimetry ndiyo-dimensional matatu ongororo. Research Chemicals kunoitika nokuyera chitsama reagent kuti zvaanoita pamwe analyte. wevasungwa Its anozivikanwa pachine. Bhuku reagent kunoyerwa kana yokuenzana pfungwa. Kana gasi kuongorora kana huwandu ari kunyura yasarudzwa gasi.

Uyezve, tsvakurudzo inowanzoshandiswa nemakemikari yokutevedzera. Kureva, pave analogue ari chinhu riri kudzidzwa, zvakawanda zvakakunakira kudzidza.

tsvakurudzo Physics

Kusiyana kwemakemikari tsvakurudzo kunobva kuita nouku, nzira ongororo chaiko kwakavakirwa ehupfumi yakafanana zvinhu. Nokuti Implementation yavo inoda chinokosha michina. Nzira ine pakuyera kuchinja zvechadenga fuma anokonzerwa nemwaranzi. The chikuru nzira kunzvera mumuviri refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

Refractometry rinoitwa vachishandisa refractometer. Nzira kunoita kuti kudzidza refraction chiedza kupfuura kubva mumwe unosvikirwa kune mumwe. Changing pakona kuti ichi kunobva ehupfumi ari svikiro zvinoriumba. Naizvozvo, zvinovawo zvinobvira kuona Kuronga svikiro yayo marongerwo.

Polarimetry chinhu Manyiminya kuzviongorora nzira iyo inoshandisa kukwanisa zvimwe zvinhu kuti tenderera ari oscillation kuti linearly inobudisa chiedza ndege.

Fluorimetry kushandisa lasers nemekiyuri mwenje kuti pave monochromatic nemwaranzi. Zvimwe zvinhu vanokwanisa fluoristsentirovat (Sechipanji uye kuregedza woga nemwaranzi). Chinoguma kuti quantitative kutsunga zvinhu kwakavakirwa fluorescence zvikuru.

Physical uye mushonga tsvakurudzo

Physical uye mushonga kutsvakurudza nzira kunyoresa Kuchinja ehupfumi zvokunyama nyaya pasi pokudzora siyana nemakemikari. Vari inobva zvakananga kutsamira zvainyanya kuitwa chinhu pamusoro wayo makemikari anoumba chaiko. Nzira idzi zvinoda kushandisa zvimwe zviridzwa. Kazhinji, kwacho rinoitwa kuti chafariz conductivity, zvemagetsi conductivity, chiedza Absorção de Água, Kubika pfungwa uye kunyunguduka.

Physico-mushonga zvidzidzo yamarudzi zvikuru kushandiswa nokuda kwayo yakakwirira rakarurama uye nokukurumidza mvumo zvabuda. Munyika yanhasi nokuda kukura kwayo-ruzivo kwemakemikari nzira zvave zvakaoma kushandisa. Physico-makemikari dzakashandiswa yaigadzira zvokudya, kurima, forensics.

Chimwe chikuru akasiyana physico-kwemakemikari nzira kwemakemikari kuri kuti kuguma zvakaitwa (the yokuenzana pfungwa) rinowanikwa nokuyera mano, kwete nemaziso.

The chikuru nzira mumuviri uye kwemakemikari kutsvakurudza kuonekwa spectral, electrochemical, chafariz uye chromatographic nzira.

Spectral kuongorora unyanzvi zvinhu

In nzira kwakavakirwa spectral kuongorora chinhu inobva kudyidzana pamwe remagetsi nemwaranzi. The Absorção de Água, kufungisisa, nokuparadzira wokupedzisira. Chimwe zita nzira - Manyiminya. Zviri kutaridza Qualitative uye quantitative tsvakurudzo. Spectral ongororo kunoita kuti vaongorore makemikari anoumba, mamiriro zvinoriumba, munhu remagineti nezvimwe zvechadenga fuma.

Nzira kunoratidzwa Pakusarudza resonant frequencies panguva iyo zvinhu ikasakendenga kuchiedza. Ivo Kuomerera nomumwe nomumwe zvinoriumba. Tichibatsirwa ari spectroscope anogona kuona mitsetse ari chakarondedzera uye kuziva zvinoumba nefuma. Kuwanda spectral mitsetse zvinopa pfungwa yokuti quantitative characterization. The kupatsanura pakati spectral siyana nzira ndiyo mhando uye chinangwa pakudzidza.

Womumwe nzira kunotibatsira kudzidza anobuda spectra uye rinopa mashoko pamusoro Kuronga fuma. Nokuti mashoko pasi wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama buditsa. A kusiyana nzira iri murazvo photometry. Absorção de Água spectra vari kuongororwa Absorção de Água nzira. The pamusoro nzira dziri Qualitative kuongorora zvinhu.

Quantitative kuongorora rinofananidza spectral kusimba ari spectral mutsara Muedzo chinhu uye pafuma anozivikanwa yevasungwa. Nzira dzakadaro zvinofanira kusanganisira mabhomba Absorção de Água, mabhomba fluorescent uye luminescent assays, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Zvigadziko electrochemical kuongorora zvinhu

Electrochemical ongororo anoshandisa electrolysis kudzidza nyaya. Zvinoitwa vari kuitwa aqueous mhinduro pamusoro electrodes. Chipimo kuva mumwe iripo zvinhu. A kuongorora kuitwa muchitokisi electrochemical. mudziyo ichi, icho ukaiswa muimba electrolyte (Ionic kondakita zvinhu), electrodes (mukombiyuta conductive zvinhu). Electrodes uye electrolytes anosangana. Kana ichi kuitika ari kusvitsa kubva kunze.

Kupatsanura pakati electrochemical nzira

Electrochemical nzira dzinoiswa pachishandiswa mananara, izvo kwakavakirwa physico-namakemikari zvidzidzo. nzira iyi pamwe nokuiswa chivako wokumwe uye pasina izvozvo.

Conductometry ndiye nzira analytic anoyera magetsi conductivity uye G. Apo conductometric munhu akaidza iri aiwanzoshandiswa rakatumbuka ano. Conductometric titration - nevakawanda tsvakurudzo nzira. Nzira iyi inobva pagadzirwe inotakurika conductometers zvinoshandiswa nemakemikari mvura zvidzidzo.

Patinoita potentiometry akayera EMF sero reversible electrochemical. coulometry nzira anosarudza uwandu magetsi kuparadzwa panguva electrolysis. Voltammetry chinoongorora kutsamira ari kuitika kukosha akateya tinokwanisa.

Thermal kuongorora nzira zvinhu

Thermal ongororo anokanda hwokuziva kuchinja ehupfumi ane pfuma chaiko nokuda nokupisa. Izvi tsvakurudzo nzira dziri kuitwa pfupi nguva uye shoma mharidzo kudzidzwa.

Thermogravimetry - mumwe dzokudzidzisa chafariz pachisara izvo chinoita kuti kunyoresa guru chinhu ane kuchinja nokuda tembiricha. Nzira iri kuonekwa kumwe yakarurama.

Uyezve, chafariz nzira kuongorora zvinosanganisira calorimetry anosarudza kupisa anokwanisa nefuma entalpimetriya kwakavakirwa dzakananga nokupisa pakudzidza. Uyewo, mumwe wavo vachinzi dilatometer iyo unocherekedza mharidzo vhoriyamu shanduko nokuda tembiricha.

Chromatographic nzira kuongorora zvinhu

chromatographic nzira iri nzira yokuti kupatsanurwa zvinhu. Kune marudzi mazhinji chromatography, mikuru ndivo: gasi, kuparadzirwa, redox, sedimentation, Ion exchange.

The zvinoumba iri mharidzo vakakamurwa pakati Mobile uye mira maitikiro. Muchiitiko chokutanga tiri kutaura pamusoro mvura kana magasi. The mira danho iri sorbent - hwakasimba. Mharidzo zvinoumba ari Mobile chokutambudzika vanokurudzirwa pamwe mira. Kumhanya uye nguva ndima yenhengo kuburikidza chokupedzisira. kutonga kwavo chaiko zvivako.

Kushandiswa mumuviri uye kwemakemikari nzira tsvakurudzo

Anokosha kutungamirirwa mumuviri namakemikari nzira ndiyo utsanana-zvemakemikari uye forensic tsvakurudzo namakemikari. Vane zvimwe kusiyana. Muchiitiko chokutanga, nokuti kuongorora zviri kuongorora vakashandisa Utsanana mitemo wokurera. Vari wakasiyiwa Ushumiri. Kutsvakurudza utsanana-mushonga rinoitwa munzira chairayirwa epidemiological basa. The muitiro womuenzaniso akashandisa vezvenhau kuti kutevedzera Zvivako mishonga zvokudya. ivo bereka ari kushanda ezvinhu dzokuenzanisira.

Forensic makemikari kudzidza ndehwokuti quantitatively kunongedza zvinodhaka, zvinodhaka zvakaoma uye Inobaya mumuviri womunhu, zvokudya zvinogadzirwa, gadziriro somushonga. Kuongorora zviri kuitwa ne chisarudzo dare.