Rosalind Franklin: Biography, makore oupenyu, mupiro sainzi. Akanganwa Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - penya British kemisiti ane X-ray diffraction zvidzidzo zvakapa chinokosha yokusvika sechivako deoxyribonucleic asidhi uye quantitatively akasimbisa muenzaniso Watson - Crick. Aivawo akawana kuti DNA molecules kuripo chimiro kupfuura mumwe.

Rosalind Franklin: pfupi Biography, mapikicha

Rosalind akaberekwa muLondon musi July 25, 1920, wechipiri vana mashanu inozivikanwa mhuri Anglo-vaJudha. baba vake, Ellis Franklin aiva shamwari iri "Keizer" pamahombekombe, mumwe makambani mhuri-muridzi pakukura (mumwe akanga kubudisa "Routledge uye Kegan Paul"). Iye nemudzimai wake Muriel vave achishingaira kubatanidzwa anoyamura nemamwe mabasa. Rosalind Franklin (mufananidzo munyaya wakapiwa pazasi) akadzidza pa St dzaPauro Girls School, izvo anogadzirira kudzidza kuti mabasa yemberi, uye kwete chete nokuda muchato. Iye nyore masvomhu uye nesayenzi, uye mitauro yokumwe (nokufamba kwenguva izvozvo superbly dzaidzidziswa French, Italian uye German). Kusiyana polyglots zhinji, iye akanga kunyimwa nzeve mimhanzi. Gustav Holst, wokuimba St. waPauro School., Akambotaura kuti Rosalind kuimba kwakavandudza rinenge vasawira matauriro. mhuri Franklin kazhinji pazororo musango yenzendo uye ushanyi aiva mumwe wake hwose kuchiva, pamwe dzimwe kufamba.

Study mu Cambridge

Maererano amai vangu upenyu hwose Rosalind aiziva chaiyo apo iye achienda, uye nenguva gumi akasarudza sayenzi pasi wayo. Hatidi rimwe gore kugadzirira kukoreji 1938, iye akasiya chikoro kuenda Newnham, mumwe wevakadzi vaviri mumakoreji kuCambridge University. baba vake haana, sezvo vamwe mabhuku anoti vanoipikisa pakuti, kunyange zvazvo aigona naye kutanha kupfuura chetsika kosi. KuCambridge, Franklin specialized panyama kemisitiri. Her makore mudzidzi, pamwe kwakaitika muna Second World War. Vadzidzisi vakawanda ipapo vaiita tsvakurudzo zvechiuto. Vamwe vakatamira (semuenzaniso, zvipenyu Maks Peruts) Dzakachengetwa vatorwa. Mutsamba imwe, Franklin yakati kuti "anenge zvose Cavendish yakanyangarika; nemakemikari omuviri anenge kuverengwa vokuGermany uye haaizorarama. "

mberi

Muna 1941, Rosalind Franklin akagamuchira tsvimborume kuti dhigirii, bhezari kwegore rimwe ngaape uye weDhipatimendi Scientific uye Industrial Research. Akapedza nguva murabhoritari Norrish, yakakurumbira piyona kuti photochemistry. Muna 1942, apo hondo yakanga ichiri kuitika, Franklin aifanira kusarudza zvinofanira kutora chinyakare basa rechiuto kana kuitisa tsvakurudzo mumunda kuhupenyu zvinodiwa hondo netarisiro ine doctorate. Akasarudza ekupedzisira, uye chirimo vakatanga pamwe yakanga ichangotangwa British marasha tsvakurudzo kushamwaridzana (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Biography of musayendisiti

Kwemakore mana akazotevera, Franklin vaishanda kugadzirisa microstructure dzakasiyana carbons uye Mahydrocarbon, kutsanangura nei vamwe vavo kupfuura permeable mvura, magasi uye zvokufembedzwa, uyewo sei zvinokanganisawo kudziyisa uye carbonization. Pakudzidza, yakaratidza kuti marasha pores panguva samolecular pamwero vane matete constrictions izvo zvinowedzera pamwe kudziyisa uye zvinosiyana zvichienderana kabhoni kugutsikana. Vanoita se "sieves samolecular", successively rakavhara kupinda pakati zvinhu, zvichienderana samolecular kukura. Rosalind Franklin aiva wokutanga kuziva uyere microstructure izvi. basa rayo chinokosha akabvumira patsanura namazimbe dzakakwirira zvakarurama chokufungidzira vaita. Kubatsirana Franklin BCURA anopa doctorate chinyorwa chake. Iye akagamuchira doctorate dhigirii wake kuCambridge muna 1945, uye akanyora mapepa shanu zvesayenzi.

Kutamira France

Pashure pehondo, Rosalind Franklin akatanga kutsvaka rimwe basa. Akagamuchira mumhanyi ari Paris murabhoritari Jacques Mering. Ikoko akadzidza kuongorora marasha vachishandisa X-ray pachisara uye kunyatsotevera kuzivana magadzirirwo. basa rake chete uchida tsanangudzo mamiriro hadzina graphitized uye graphitized carbons akabatsira kuumba hwaro kukura kabhoni nokusanzwira itsva nokupisa nemishonga zvinhu uye vakauya mukurumbira wake dzakawanda pakati marasha mishonga. Akanzwa kuda collegiate nyanzvi tsika Central Laboratory uye rwawana shamwari ikoko.

Kudzokera kuEngland

Kunyange zvazvo iye akanga akafara chaizvo muFrance, muna 1949, Rosalind Franklin akatanga kutsvaka basa pamba. shamwari yake Charlz Kolson, yokungotaura kemisiti, akataura kuti iye vanoedza "X-ray diffraction nzira kuongorora" makuru zvoutachiona mamorekuru. Muna 1950 iye akanga paakavapa bhezari-gore matatu Turner uye Newell kushanda weDhipatimendi Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla pa waMambo College London. Randall akaronga kuti Franklin achaita crystallography Front ichaongorora mapurotini. Zvisinei, panguva zvataurwa Assistant Mukuru murabhoritari Maurice Wilkins, Randall akamukumbira kuti kutsvakurudza DNA. Wilkins achangobva vakatanga kushanda pamwe X-ray diffraction vamwe mimwe mamorekuru ari majini remitemo akanaka zvinoshamisa. Aitarisira kuti vachaita pamwe Franklin, asi ichi haana kutaura.

DNA mufananidzo

Kutsvakurudza deoxyribonucleic asidhi zvinobatanidzwa chete iye uye akapedza kudzidza mudzidzi Raymond Gosling. ukama hwake Wilkins akatambura asinganyatsonzwisisi (uye zvichida kushushikana Franklin collegiate tsika yunivhesiti). Kushanda Gosling, Rosalind iri kuramba ichiva akasiyana DNA X-ray mifananidzo, uye nokukurumidza vakaona kuti nemadhaka uye chakaoma siyana kupa mifananidzo yakasiyana zvachose. The akanyorova chimiro vakaratidza zononoka chimiro, pamwe rokunze kurutivi vari phosphates ribose ngetani. Its kwemasvomhu Kuongorora diffraction pakaoma mamiriro Zvisinei, haana pachena chimiro chakadaro, uye akapedza kupfuura gore mukuedza kugadzirisa kusanzwisisana. By pakutanga 1953 akapinda mhedziso kuti kaviri vane spirals maviri.

hanganwa laureates

Zvichakadai, panguva Cavendish Laboratory muna Cambridge, Frensis Krik uye Dzheyms Uotson akashanda pamusoro yokungotaura weDNA. Kwete kuva pedyo nevanhu Franklin, muna January 1953, vakadzidza zvidzidzo zvinokosha nemamiriro deoxyribonucleic asidhi rimwe maekisirei, izvo akavaratidza Wilkins, uyewo pfupiso kwake unpublished mapepa kudare pamwe Medical Research Council. Watson uye Crick haana kumuudza kuti achimuona zvinhu uye akabvuma kugoverana raro basa ravo pamwe Bhuku akakurumbira mashoko ake muna April. Gare gare Creek akabvuma kuti muchirimo 1953, Franklin aiva dombo rapotserwa kubva kuziva zvakarurama maumbirwo DNA.

Kudzidza nemavhairasi

Pakazosvika nguva Franklin akabvuma uchatamisa ayo bhezari Laboratory kuti Crystallography Bernal kuti Birkbeck College, uko iye akatendeukira kwake kuteerera maumbirwo chirimwa nemavhairasi (semuenzaniso, fodya waMosesi). Rosalind akavaita yakarurama X-ray mifananidzo, kushanda neboka remasayendisiti, hwaisanganisira ramangwana akahwina mubayiro weNobel Aaron Klug. Its diffraction ongororo yakaratidza, Inter Alia, kuti majini zvinhu (RNA) utachiona paiiswa kupinda kwayo zvemukati unodzivirira proteinaceous nevamwe. Izvi zvaisanganisira pamwe nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, kunyanya US. Franklin akaita nzendo mbiri refu muna 1954 uye 1956 uye akagadza richikurukura vokukurukura munyika, kusanganisira Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom uye Uendellom Stenli. ruzivo kwake munda uyu kwave kuzivikanwa Royal Institute muna 1956, apo mukuru waro akamukumbira kuvaka chikero muenzaniso tsvimbo serin'i uye idenderedzwa nemavhairasi nokuda World Science Exhibition 1958 muna kweBrussels.

Urwere, rufu uye nhaka

In kuwa 1956, Franklin akabatwa - ovarian kenza. Mumakore akatevera mwedzi 18, iye akavhiyiwa uye pasi dzimwe kurapa. Aiva nguva shoma rokuregererwa umo akaramba kushanda murabhoritari yake, uye akatsvaka mari nokuda boka rake tsvakurudzo. Rosalind Franklin, DNA Kukanganwika Lady, akafa muLondon musi April 16, 1958.

Muupenyu hwake-gore 16 basa iye akabudisa 19 mapepa nesayenzi pamusoro marasha uye kabhoni-5 pamusoro DNA uye 21 utachiwana. Mumakore achangopfuura, izvozvo Akagamuchira mapepa akawanda kutaura Misangano pose. Kunenge kuti basa iri nemavhairasi vaigona pakupedzisira kuunza zvakakodzera mubayiro uye nyanzvi kuziva Rosalind Franklin, kurwara uye rufu izvo zvisaitika.

Basa iri kuwanikwa DNA mamiriro

dhigirii Franklin sayenzi mune marasha kemisitiri uye maumbirwo nemavhairasi kudzidzawo vaiva anokosha. vomunguva yake akaziva izvi achiri mupenyu uye afa. Asi zvikuru pachena nzeve akaita basa rake muna kuwanikwa DNA mamiriro. Crick, Watson uye Wilkins vaiudza Nobel Prize muna 1962 nokuti Physiology kana Medicine kuti basa rake maumbirwo deoxyribonucleic acid. Zvino hapana munhu akafunga Rosalind.

basa rake riri DNA, zvichida kuitira kuti vaenda kucherechedzwa kana Watson haasekwi nayo netsamba dzake muna 1968, yakabudiswa pasi unoti "The Double Helix". Ikoko akatanga "mafaro zvinhu" pamusoro Rosalind Franklin, kuratidzwa pasi zita Rose. Iye se ine, mukadzi anozvikudza - "bluestocking", iro shanje wairindwa mashoko avo kubva navo, kunyange kana iye asingagoni kuhududzira. bhuku rake raiva rakakurumbira zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji anoratidzwa imomo, kusanganisira Crick, Wilkins uye Laynus Poling, akaramba dudziro iyi, sezvo reviewers vakawanda.

Muna 1975, shamwari Rosalind Hersveit Seyr yakabudisa Biography ine hasha Anorambwa naPetro mashoko Watson, uye basa Franklin ari kuwanikwa sechivako DNA kwazova kuzivikanwa. Nyaya dzakawanda uye anonzi vakaedza kuona kukura kwayo kuitawo "munhangemutange miviri akamonyoroka", kazhinji inoratidza naye somunhu rainge rakabudirira revakadzi raive kutenda, kunyimwa munhu Nobel Prize-misogynous vaaishanda navo uye wake rufu mangwanani. Zvisinei, munyori wenhoroondo dzoupenyu wake wechipiri Brenda Maddox akataura kuti ane caricature, iri kunaka kuvanda pacharo Rosalind Franklin, mupiro wake kwesayenzi basa chinopenya sayenzi vakakurumbira kemisiti uye.