Fridrih Rattsel uye pfungwa dzake huru

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, Fridrih Rattsel vakatonga nenzvimbo chiitiko muGermany. Chokutanga, iye chaibatanidzwa sayenzi zvepanyama, uye sayenzi Pasi rava kubatana pakati pavo uye kudzidza murume. Akagamuchira doctorate yake zvemhuka, zvemaumbirwo uye kuenzaniswa anatomi, uye akava muvambi anthropogeography.

Rattsel Fridrih: Biography

Akaberekwa muna 1844, Ratzel akadzidza pa kumayunivhesiti akawanda German. Muna 1872 akashanyira Italy, uye United States uye Mexico muna 1874-75, ukuwo. Ndakaenda Eastern Europe uye aishanda mumayunivhesiti reMunich uye Leipzig. On akararama Darwin kwakakonzerwa zvikuru dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Ratzel kushandisa izvi pfungwa kuti vanhu. Pamberi pake, nheyo enderana jogirafi wakaisa Alexander von Humboldt, uye kwematunhu - Carl Ritter. Paschel uye Richthofen achidonongodza dzinokosha kuti nokudzidza zvinhu redu.

Fridrih Rattsel kutanga yakaenzanisa nemararamiro vemadzinza akasiyana-siyana uye marudzi, uye nokudaro chakaratidza kutanga hurongwa tsvakurudzo mumunda socio-zvoupfumi jogirafi. Akanga kufarira marudzi, marudzi uye marudzi, uye pashure munda kuferefeta rokuti "anthropogeography", achirondedzera nayo sezvo huru inoenda kudzidza Earth. Ratzel akanga dzakabudirira Ritter kuti jogirafi, unogovera kuva anthropological uye enyika.

Fame yakawanikwa ake makemikari yokuti ari mamiriro (kana mhenyu nzvimbo lebensraum), umo akaenzanisa nayo shanduka mupenyu muviri.

Patriot Germany

Ratzel, nyanzvi siyana tsvakurudzo zvido, aiva wepachokwadi Patriot. At pakutanga Franco-Prussian Hondo 1870, iye wevashumiri hondo Prussian uye kurwa akakuvadzwa kaviri. Pashure kubatana German muna 1871, akazvipira kudzidza mararamiro vokuGermany mupenyu kunze. Kuti aite izvi, akashanyira Hungary uye Transylvania. Akaenda mberi basa rake, uye muna 1872, pashure pokuyambuka Alps, akashanyira Italy.

Jobs in America

Mumakore 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel akafamba kuUnited States uye Mexico, saka kuwedzera kukura kwebasa ravo tsvakurudzo. Mune US, akadzidza dzezvoupfumi, magariro nemamiriro dzinogarisana vanhu vemo uye madzinza, kunyanya upenyu maIndia. Uyezve, akavhomora pazvinovaratidza vatema uye Chinese vaigara nechepakati chikamu United States, vari Midwest uye California. Kubva wokutsvakurudza ake, akaedza kuzoumba zvimwe mukuru pfungwa chokuita nenzvimbo regularities kunokonzerwa kuonana pakati rinopikisa kuwedzera uye kuenda mapoka evanhu.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

Muna 1875, pashure kupedza zvidzidzo zviri US uye Mexico, akadzokera Germany, uye muna 1876 akagadzwa kuva purofesa paUniversity Leipzig. Muna 1878 uye 1880 akabudisa mabhuku maviri North America, ukama yayo chaiko uye netsika jogirafi.

Bhuku, izvo nyanzvi yokuGermany pakuzivikanwa munyika, rakapera pakati 1872 uye 1899 makore. Fridrih Rattsel pfungwa dzinokosha vakachera kubva kuongorora pokudzora siyana zvechadenga Nzvimbo uye nzira vanhu vanorarama chaiko. Bhuku "anthropogeography" wokutanga kudzidza ukama pakati murume uye nenyika, uye wechipiri - kudzidza kukanganisa kwaro zvakatipoteredza. basa Ratzel kuti kwaibva papfungwa kuti zvinoitwa nevanhu ndezvipi kwayo Mhoteredzo. Pepa iri munyori anoongorora geography dzevanhu tichitarisa vanhu uye marudzi. Maererano naye, nzanga havagoni kuramba chakarembera mumhepo. Zvadaro, iye akasara vamwe mupi werutemo kuti dzidziso yake, achiti kuti vanhu vaibatanidzwa munyaya mutambo zvakasikwa, uye zvakatipoteredza ishamwari, kwete muranda basa nevanhu.

Ratzel Darwin akashandisa pfungwa munzanga yevanhu. Fananidzo iyi zvinoratidza kuti mapoka evanhu vane kutamburira kuti vararame mune zvimwe runyararo zvakadai semiti uye mhuka. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se "munzanga yaDarwin." Ratzel aiva inokosha muuzivi "zvakasimba ndizvo chete zvinorarama" iri Mhoteredzo.

anoparadzirwa kwechisimba

Muna 1890 iye nokushingaira waitsigira kupambwa ndima German mhiri kwamakungwa kuvaka nezvikepe yaro anokwanisa kudenha Britain. pfungwa dzake akaratidza spatial dzinomutswa ari yaDarwin kurwira kuvapo. Maererano "mitemo" iri miganhu kukura kuti vowanda, mamiriro inofanira kuwedzerwa, uye "dzakakwirira siyana yebudiriro anofanira kuwedzerwa tichiregeredza rezasi." Mitemo iyi vaiva inonzi chaivo, akapa achangopfuura kubatana kwakaita Germany, Inter-State tsere mu Europe (General Schlieffen akanga yakatanga chirongwa dzikambouya France) uye kuwedzera umambo (Africa yakakamurwa panguva Berlin Conference mumakore 1884-85). Anotarira Ratzel akapindura miganhu Zvinotaurwa munyika. Pashure pokufa kwake uye First Hondo Yenyika German geopolitics ukavandudzwa anthropogeography pfungwa kugutsa vavariro dzavo pachavo uye, sezvo zvakaguma mabasa ake akanga mhosva nemasayendisiti British uye American.

Kodzero muchadenga mhenyu

Muna 1897, Fridrih Rattsel akanyora "jogirafi enyika", umo akaenzanisa mamiriro nomuviri. Masayendisiti vanoti kuti, kufanana nevamwe zvinenge nyore vanofanira kana kukura kana kufa, uye haikwanise mira. Fridriha Rattselya Dzidziso "mhenyu nzvimbo" wakadenha gakava pamusoro pevane uye hwakaderera marudzi, ichiti kuti zvikuru yakatanga marudzi vane kodzero vawedzere ndima yayo ( "nzvimbo mhenyu") tichiregeredza zvishoma dzakabudirira vavakidzani. Iye akataura maonero ake, achiti kuti kuwedzera mamiriro nemiganhu yayo tichiregeredza simba chinoratidza simba rayo rwomukati. The yepamusoro Mutongo nenhendashure marudzi rudzi, uye kuita dzinongoitika kudiwa. Saka, Fridrih Rattsel, vane geopolitics vakakunda muGermany thirties, chave nokutambudzika Second World War.

Zvokukura Kugadzirwa vanhu

Kukurukura pokudzora Mhoteredzo kwevanhu, anthropogeography German vakati kuti nzanga yevanhu mberi nezvishoma. Matanho aya:

• okuvhimisa uye hove;
• badza tsika;
• Tillage;
• yakavhenganiswa kurima umo zvokurima uye mhuka minda zviri yakavhenganiswa;
• isina kuvhenganiswa mhuka minda;
• chirimwa.

Zvisinei, iye akati hazvina zvakafanira kuti munzanga zvose napo chete nzendo zvoupfumi.

Kubatana Diversity

Mumazuva iwayo, kwave kune chaizvo kuwedzera ruzivo uye mashoko; date akasvika yakawanda kubva kumakona siyana enyika. nharaunda Mumwe kunoratidzwa pachake Mhoteredzo akasiyana nzira kugadzirwa uye upenyu zvekunyanyisa. Ratzel vakaedza kuvaka "inokosha kubatana mu kusiyana".

A musayendisiti German akamboona kuberekwa nhaurirano pamusoro musiyano pakati mumuviri uye socio-upfumi jogirafi. Nyanzvi dzakadai Dzhordzh Dzherald, vaidavira kuti sayenzi iyi anobata adzidze pasi rose pasina nezvomunhu. Vaidavira kuti mitemo chaiyo inogona chete kuiswa kana munhu kunze nokuti maitiro ake zvikuru nezvimwewo. Ratzel akaisa mberi yakakura nemaonero, vachizivisa geography kwenzvimbo sayenzi, iyo munhu chinhu chinokosha chaiko. Akaisa mberi musimboti kubatana siyana, achiti nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu munhu kuti nguva dzose zvinonyatsoenderana, saka kuti kunyatsonzwisisa nenzvimbo hamvuropu Nyika zvakafanira synthesize dzakasiyana-siyana dzinongoitika uye netsika zvoga.

Nokupfupikisa, tinogona kutaura kuti basa Ratzel vakaberekana, kunyanya kufunga mari ivo vaunze pfungwa gakava kumativi maviri kuAtlantic. Outlook of musayendisiti kuburikidza ake kugona kudzidzisa uye kutsvakurudza idzore kwemakumi emakore.