Iyo inoramba yakawanikwa ne Rutherford? Previous ruzivo uye dunhu Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - musayendisiti kwakajeka akaita zvimwe Zvakawanikwa makuru zvechokwadi kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Chokwadi budiriro akatendeuka wefizikisi itsva nzira kukura? Iyo inoramba yakawanikwa ne Rutherford? Details of Biography uye basa esayenzi vaongorori vakawana gare gare munyaya ino.

Kutanga rwendo rwoupenyu

Rutherford Biography kunotanga mutaundi duku Spring Grove muna New Zealand. Imomo mune 1871 mumhuri kutamira uye nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kuti yefizikisi uye musayendisiti. baba vake, mumwe Scot pakuberekwa, aiva tenzi namatanda uye aiva kambani yake. Rutherford yawana pairi rinobatsira unozotevera rokuvaka unyanzvi.

Kubudirira yokutanga kare kuitika kuchikoro, apo nokuda kwazvo kurovedzwa kwaakaitwa bhezari kukoreji. Ernest Rutherford kutanga vanyoresa kukoreji, Nelson, ipapo anoenda weCanterbury. Aine rakaisvonaka ndangariro uye Pazvinhu nezivo rwakasiyana chaizvo nevamwe vadzidzi.

Rutherford akagamuchira mubairo mu masvomhu, akanyora bepa yake yokutanga dzesayenzi pamusoro wefizikisi kuti "magnetised simbi panguva dzakakwirira pamisara." Maererano nebasa, iye akagadzira mumwe wokutanga mano kuti Detective rinobva mafungu.

Muna 1895, nyanzvi yefizikisi, kemisiti, Rutherford nharo Maclaurin kuti nhaka dzidzo mazita World Exhibition. Sezvineiwo, mudzivisi anoramba award, uye Rutherford akapa mukana wakanaka kuhwina nyika nesayenzi. Akapinda kuEngland Kavendishevskuyu yezvirwere uye kuwana miteva vachitungamirirwa Dzhozefa Tomsona.

mabasa Scientific uye kubudirira

Pandakangosvika England, mudzidzi haawanzotauri asipo unozvipiwa dzidzo. Anotanga kuwana nomuperekedzi. Scientific Kumutungamiriri Rutherford kamwe akati zvinogona ake makuru, uye hapana chikanganiso. Thomson Physics kudzidza kunoburitsa muduku gasi ionization ne X-ray. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akawana kuti kana ichi chinoitika kuitika saturation chinonakidza.

Mushure zvinobudirira vachishanda Thomson, iye delves mukati kudzidza Becquerel mwaranzi, izvo gare gare Marie Curie kuzodana radioactive. Panguva ino akaita chinokosha akawana yake yokutanga yakaratidza ariko wamboonekwa nezvimedu, kudzidza zvivako zviri uranium exchange uye thorium.

Gare gare akava purofesa paUniversity of Montreal. Pamwe Frederikom Soddi musayendisiti anokwirira pfungwa tichichinja okunze ari nedanho kuora. Panguva iyoyowo, Rutherford akanyora mapepa kwesayenzi "Radioactivity" uye "transformations Radioactive" kuti mumutore mukurumbira. Anova nhengo Royal Society, akanga paakavapa rimwe zita kwamachinda.

Munguva chidzidzo kuora kuti radioactive zvinhu muna 1908, Ernest Rutherford yakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize. Scientific akazarura dzangaradzimu thorium faux maatomu akafanana transmutation kuburikidza irradiating senitrogen nuclei akanyorwa matatu mavhoriyamu mabasa. Imwe yacho kubudirira inokosha ndiko kusikwa muenzaniso maatomu musimboti.

Iyo inoramba yakawanikwa ne Rutherford?

Kudzidza radioactivity, Rutherford aiva asiri wokutanga. Pamberi pake, nzvimbo iyi anotova nyanzvi yefizikisi Becquerel uye Curies. Ipapo Chiitiko kuti radioactivity yakawanikwa Hakasi, uye simba kwainzi chinhu kwokunze kunobva. Nyatsoongorora kudzidza uranium exchange munyu, uye zvivako zvavo, Rutherford akacherechedza kuti mwaranzi yakawanikwa pedyo Becquerel vari heterogeneous.

Rutherford foil kuedza akaratidza kuti radioactive ranzi rakakamurwa wandei PARTICIPLE Rwako. Imwe Rwizi anokwanisa yokufungisisa aruminiyamu foil, mumwe anogona kupfuura napo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo - a muzvizhinji zviduku zvinhu anonzi nyanzvi Arufa Beta inoramba kana mwaranzi. Makore maviri gare gare, wokuFrance Villard yakawanikwa chetatu mhando nemwaranzi muenzaniso Rutherford akadana wegamma mwaranzi.

Icho nezvimedu yakawanikwa pedyo Rutherford, akanga zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro kukura wefizikisi yenyukireya. It budiriro uye akaratidza kuti simba rinobva chaizvo uranium exchange maatomu chakaitwa. Alpha nezvimedu anotsanangurwa sezvo chokwadi mhosva nehelium maatomu, Beta nezvimedu muri maerekitironi. Zarura akazotevera wegamma nezvimedu - iri remagetsi nemwaranzi.

radioactive kuora

Rutherford Zvakawanikwa akapa simuka kwete chete kune mumuviri nesayenzi, asi vo amene. Iye anopfuurira kudzidza radioactivity paUniversity of Montreal muCanada. Panguva kemisiti Soddy vakaita dzakatevedzana kuedza hwaishandiswa cherechedza kuti atomu kuchinja panguva akabuda nezvimedu ayo.

Kufanana Ages masayendisiti, masayendisiti kutendeutsa uranium exchange kupinda mutobvu, zvichiita chinotevera budiriro. Saka zvakanzi rakawanikwa ari radioactive kuora. Mutemo maererano paine kuora, Rezerfor uye Soddy akatsanangura murugwaro "transformations radioactive" uye "A okufananidza kudzidza radioactivity ose Radium uye thorium."

Vanotsvakurudza kuona nedoro iri kuora mwero nhamba radioactive maatomu ari muenzaniso, uyewo kufamba kwenguva. Yakati pamusoro nguva kuora basa kunoderedza exponentially. Nerimwe fuma, nguva inodiwa. Zvichienderana mwero kuora Rutherford akakwanisa kuzoumba musimboti hafu-upenyu.

The yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu

At pakutanga XX remakore nayo areverera kuedza dzakawanda kudzidza hunhu maatomu uye radioactivity. Rutherford uye Villars rakavhurika Arifa, Beta uye wegamma mwaranzi, uye Dzhozef Tomson, akavapindurawo, inovhura imwe Erekitironi. It anoyera reshiyo mubhadharo guru pakati Erekitironi, uye zvinopupurira kuti PARTICIPLE ndiyo chikamu atomu.

Pahwaro hwomukova raro Thomson anosika muenzaniso atomu. The musayendisiti anodavira kuti ekupedzisira ane idenderedzwa chimiro, pose rose nevakawanda chokwadi mhosva inoramba. Inside bhora iri nhingi mhosva maerekitironi.

Makore mashomanana gare gare, Rutherford rinoramba Pfungwa mudzidzisi wake. Anoti kuti atomu ane neerekitironi, riri chokwadi mhosva. Uye kumativi sezvinoita dzomuchadenga yakapoteredza zuva, maerekitironi dzitendererane pasi Zvakaitwa Coulomb mauto.

Driving ruzivo Rutherford

Rutherford aiva muenzaniso experimenter. Saka, akabvunza kuti Thomson womuenzaniso, akasarudza hazviiti empirically. Thomson atomu anofanira kutarisa sezvinoita idenderedzwa gore maerekitironi. Zvadaro Alpha nezvimedu ukapfuura pachena kuburikidza foil.

Nokuti kuedza, Rutherford akavaka umhare kutungamirira bhokisi rine buri duku umo makanga ane mwaranzi inopisa. Box absorbs Alpha nezvimedu kumativi ose, kunze apo gomba iri. Saka akasika achitaura PARTICIPLE chokubuda. Mberi vaiva dzakawanda kutungamirira sefa pamwe mawindo kupepeta zvacho kuti tsaukai zvakafanorongwa kosi.

Zvakajeka pfungwa Alpha ranzi yakapfuura dzose zvipingamupinyi, vaienda nhete chaizvo Pepa goridhe foil. Shure kwake kwakanga phosphor chidzitiro. Mumwe kuonana of nezvimedu nayo yakanyorwa muchimiro nokupenya. Saka zvaibvira kutonga kutsaudzira pakati nezvimedu pashure nomunyika foil.

Kushamisa Rutherford chaizvo, inoramba vakawanda vakatsauka takawanda pamakona, vamwe kunyange 180 inegumi. Izvi zvakaita kuti musayendisiti kufunga kuti chikuru mabhomba kurema nyaya chikukutu zvirimo iyo dzakwidzwa inonzi tsanga.

Driving zvakaitika Rutherford:

wokuenzanisira tsoropodzo

pakutanga muenzaniso yenyukireya Rutherford vakatsoropodza, nekuti zvaisaenderana mitemo dzenhoroondo electrodynamics. Kukosa, maerekitironi achaponesa simba uye emit remagetsi mafungu, asi izvi zvikasaitika, uye nokudaro vari zororo. Panyaya iyi, iyo maerekitironi achaurayiwa pamusoro paro, uye kwete dzitendererane pake.

Kuti tinzwisise Fani iyi wakawira Niels Bohr. Rinotaura kuti mumwe Erekitironi ane yayo muchadenga. Nepo Erekitironi pamusoro payo, hazvina tichiratidza simba, asi haana nokukurumidza. Scientific akazivisa pfungwa quanta - zvikamu simba riri anosunungurwa kana maerekitironi zvaive kune muchadenga.

Saka, Niels Bohr aiva mumwe havaoni itsva yebazi sayenzi - quantum wefizikisi. Kururama Rutherford wokuenzanisira kwakaratidzei. Somugumisiro, pfungwa yacho uye ayo inofamba hwachinja zvachose. A muenzaniso dzimwe nguva anonzi Boron atomu-Rutherford.

Interesting zvinhu pamusoro musayendisiti

Nobel Prize Ernest Rutherford yakanga isati akaita rinokosha budiriro hwake - akawana mabhomba neerekitironi akasimbisa yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu.

Rutherford kunoshamisa yawanikwa kwakakonzera kuti chidzoke yebazi idzva kuti vanodzidza nemamiriro maatomu musimboti. Rakanzi wefizikisi renyukireya kana zvenyukireya.

The yefizikisi vanayo tsvakurudzo kwete chete, asiwo kudzidzisa tarenda. Gumi vadzidzi vake vaiva vakundi vari wefizikisi uye kemisitiri Nobel Prize. Pakati pavo, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, uye zvimwe unhu inonyatsozivikanwa.

Academic kazhinji anonzi kuwanikwa senitrogen kuti haana kunaka. Shure zvose, izvi yakakurumbira Rutherford zvakasiyana. Gas akazarura nyanzvi uye kemisiti Daniel Rutherford, uyo akararama muzana remakore pamberi inozvikudza yefizikisi.

mhedziso

musayendisiti British Ernest Rutherford akava nomukurumbira pakati vaaishanda navo propensity nokuda kwacho. Over hwose, musayendisiti apedzera ruzivo kuburikidza raakanga wakagona kuzarura Arufa Beta nezvimedu, kuzoumba mutemo kuora uye hafu-upenyu, kukudziridza yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu. Pamberi pake, yakanga vaidavira kuti simba panobva iri zvekunze. Asi pashure nyika masayendisiti akadzidza chii zvacho yakawanikwa pedyo Rutherford, yefizikisi pfungwa dzavo. Zvayakawana musayendisiti wakabatsira kuti kufambira mberi kukuru mune kukura wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, uyewo chakaita kuti kwaita maindasitiri akadai wefizikisi yenyukireya.