Kyuri Per: kubudirira kwesayenzi. Nobel Prize pamusana wefizikisi, Pierre uye Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) akanga ari yefizikisi French, mumwe piyona crystallography, remagineti piezoelectricity uye radioactivity.

kubudirira nyaya

Asati akabatana kutsvakurudza wake - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri aizivikanwa uye vanoremekedzwa munyika wefizikisi kare. Pamwechete munin'ina wake Jacques, akaona kuti Chiitiko pamusoro piezoelectricity, apo sekristaro kunogona electrically inobudisa, uye akazogadzira Goldstone pachikero. basa rake riri symmetry pamusoro crystals zvakabudiswa uye ukama pakati remagineti netembiricha kunge anzverwa munharaunda sayenzi. Akaudzawo Nobel Prize muna 1903 mu wefizikisi pamwe Anri Bekkerelem wake Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre uye mudzimai waro rwakaita basa rinokosha iri kuwanikwa Radium uye polonium, zvinhu izvo aiva chinokosha kukanganisa vanhu vane hunobatsira uye zvenyukireya zvivako. muchato wavo nheyo chigaro nesayenzi: Vana nevazukuru yakakurumbira yefizikisi naiyowo yave masayendisiti kuzivikanwa.

Marie uye Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre akaberekerwa Paris, France, muna mhuri Sophie-Kler Depui, mwanasikana muridzi fekitari, uye Dr. Eugene Curie, freethinking chiremba. baba vake vaitsigira mhuri mwero okurapa, panguva imwe chete kuti kugutsa kuda kwake nesayenzi. Ezhen Kyuri aiva idealist uye wepachokwadi Republican, uye nheyo kuchipatara vakakuvadzwa panguva Tauriranai kuti 1871.

Pierre dzidzo pre-yunivhesiti pamba. Iye pakutanga akadzidzisa naamai vake, uye ipapo - baba uye mukoma, Jacques. Iye kunyanya aida karwendo kumaruwa, uko Pierre aigona kuchengeta uye kudzidza nezvezvirimwa uye mhuka, nezvokuda zvakasikwa, rakachengetedzwa hwake, yakanga zvinotivaraidza ake chete uye kutandara panguva yako yesayenzi basa yaizotevera. Ndava nemakore 14, akaratidza tsika zvakasimba kuchireva sayenzi uye vakatanga kudzidza mumwe purofesa wemasvomhu, vaimubatsira kukudziridza chipo chake mukuranga ichi, kunyanya spatial kumiririrwa.

Curie mukomana akatarisa kuedza kuitwa nababa vake, uye yakazviwanira penchant kuti experimental zvidzidzo.

Of vemishonga mu Physics

Pierre ruzivo mune wefizikisi uye masvomhu akamuunza 1875. Bachelor of Science dhigirii nemakore gumi namatanhatu.

Ava nemakore 18, akanga ambopiwa nerechiHebheru dhigirii panguva Sorbonne, anozivikanwawo sokuti University kweParis, asi kwete pakarepo kupinda doctorate chirongwa nokuda kwekushaiwa mari. Asi, akashanda somufundisi murabhoritari mubatsiri ari ake Aruma mai muna 1878, kuva mubatsiri Paul Desena, basa Murabhoritari basa yevadzidzi-yefizikisi. Kunyange zvazvo hama yake Jacques aishanda murabhoritari mineralogy panguva Sorbonne, uye vakatanga kubudirira kwemakore mashanu kubatirapamwe nesayenzi.

ibudirire

Muna 1894, Pierre akasangana mudzimai wake weramangwana - Mariey Sklodovskoy, yaidzidza wefizikisi uye wemasvomhu panguva Sorbonne, uye akamuwana July 25, 1895, vavesa nyore vehurumende wekuwana. Akagamuchira sezvo pamuchato chipo mari Maria akashandiswa kutenga mabhasikoro maviri, izvo vaviri vakaita muchato rwendo kune French mapurovhinzi, uye vaiva zvavairarama chikuru zvinotivaraidza kwemakore akawanda. Muna 1897 vakava mwanasikana, uye mazuva mashomanana gare gare, Amai Pierre akafa. Dr. Curie akatamira jaya vaviri uye akabatsira kuchengeta muzukuru wangu, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre uye Marie akazvipira basa nesayenzi. Pamwe chete akataura polonium uye Radium, vaiva mapiyona kudzidza radioactivity uye ndiye akatanga kushandisa izwi iri. Pamabasa ake, kusanganisira akakurumbira doctorate chinyorwa Maria, vakashandisa mashoko kubva inonyatsoshanda piezoelectric electrometer, wakasikwa Pierre uye mukoma wake Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography of musayendisiti

Muna 1880, iye Jacques wake mukoma akaratidza kuti compression yacho sekristaro wemagetsi kwaniso, piezoelectricity. Pasina nguva (pa 1881 pagore) rave akaratidza vanetsane: kuti crystals anogona akaremara kubudikidza yemagetsi munda. digitaalinen Electronics nhasi zvinenge zvose vanoshandisa Fani iyi muchimiro kwekristaro oscillators.

Asati yakakurumbira doctorate chinyorwa pamusoro remagineti kuti kuyera rinobva coefficients yefizikisi French kwakasimbiswa uye vakakwana chinhu nehanya torsion mwero. nadzurudzo yavo yaishandiswa uye zvichiteverwa vatsvakurudzi vari mumunda uyu.

Pierre adzidza ferromagnetism, paramagnetism uye diamagnetism. Akaona uye akarondedzera kutsamira kunoita pfuma inogona kuitwa magnetized nokuda tembiricha, anozivikanwa nhasi sezvo Curie mutemo. The muupenyu mutemo uyu anonzi Curie rusingaperi. Pierre Vakawanawo kuti ferromagnetic zvinhu vane dzinonetsa tembiricha yokuchinjira, kupfuura zvavakanga chisanyanya ferromagnetic ehupfumi. Fani iyi inonzi Curie pfungwa.

A musimboti iyo akagadzira Per Kyuri, dzidziso symmetry, ndiko kuti utano Migumisiro zvinogona kukonzera asymmetry, kuishaya kunokonzera. Somuenzaniso, imwe kurongwa musanganiswa jecha weightlessness asymmetry asina (jecha isotropic). Vakadhakwa regiravhiti nokuda asymmetry dzesango mirayiridzo unomuka. Grits "arongwe" muna arambe achirema, iyo kunowedzera udzamu. Asi ichi chitsva PARTICIPLE rinotungamirirwa interposition jecha chaizvoizvo unoratidza asymmetry ari rinokweva munda, kukonzera kuparadzana.

radioactivity

Pierre and Marie pamusoro radioactivity basa kwaibva migumisiro maekisirei uye Anri Bekkerelya. Muna 1898, pashure pokutsvakurudza, vakaona polonium uye kwapera mwedzi mishomanana - Radium, allocating 1 g iyi makemikari vanzwe uraninite. Mukuwedzera, vakawana kuti Beta mwaranzi vari nhingi mhosva inoramba.

The Kuzarurwa Pierre uye Marii Kyuri ingada kuishandira. Kwete mari yakakwana, uye kuti tichengetedze mari yokufambisa, Inoshanda biked. Zvechokwadi, mudzidzisi wacho muhoro yaiva shoma, asi vaviri ava vakaramba masayendisiti kupedzera nguva yavo uye mari kutsvakurudza.

Kuwanikwa polonium

Chakavanzika Kubudirira kwavo nokushandisa Wings Curie nzira itsva kuongorora makemikari, kunobva yakayerwa yakarurama nemwaranzi. fuma nomumwe pakuiswa parimwe mahwendefa ari capacitor, uye electrometer vachishandisa piezoelectric Goldstone uye akayera mhepo conductivity. Ichi uwandu ndiyo Proportional kuti zviri basa fuma akadai uranium exchange kana thorium.

Vaviri zvazvakaipira vakawanda kwokubatana ose anenge ose anozivikanwa zvinhu uye vakawana kuti chete uranium exchange uye thorium ndiyo radioactive. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakasarudza kuyera nemwaranzi chaibwinya nokuda ores kubva ayo zvikaramba uranium exchange uye thorium, zvakadai halkolit uye uraninite. Mhangura akaratidza basa raiva 2,5 nguva kupfuura iya uranium exchange. Pashure kurapwa ane iine acid vakasara, uye rehydrogen sulfide, vakaona kuti yezviri muvanhu siyana zvose pamwe bismuth. Kunyange zvakadaro, havana kubudirira zvishomanana kupesana, kuziva kuti bismuth sulfide hazvikoshi kugadzikana kupfuura sulfide uri chinhu chitsva, izvo vakatumidza polonium vachikudza Marii Kyuri yokumusha kwePoland.

Radium, mwaranzi, uye Nobel Prize

December 26, 1898 uye Jacques Curie Bemoni, musoro kutsvakurudza mu "Municipal School of Industrial Physics uye Chemistry", kwomushumo wake Academy of Sciences rakazivisa kuwanikwa munhu chinhu chitsva, zvavakanga zita Radium.

yefizikisi French, pamwe chete vevaanodzidzisa kokutanga akazivisa nesimba atomu, kuwana chinoramba kupisa nemwaranzi nezvimedu ichangobva kuwanikwa maatomu akafanana. Iyewo havawanzoiti nemwaranzi pakati radioactive zvinhu, uye achibatsirwa rinobva minda, akakwanisa kuona kuti vamwe chaibwinya nezvimedu vari chokwadi mhosva, imwe - iri kunaka, apo vamwe vakanga vasina kwavakarerekera. Saka akawana Arifa, Beta uye wegamma nemwaranzi.

Curie vaiudza Nobel Prize muna Physics muna 1903 nomudzimai wake uye Anri Bekkerelem. Rakanga paakavapa ari kuziva kunoshamisa basa ivo kwaitwa researches dzavo nemwaranzi mananara yakawanikwa pedyo Professor Becquerel.

mumakore achangodarika

Per Kyuri, ane zvakawanikwa pakutanga dzaisanyanya kugamuchirwa muFrance, izvo haana kumubvumira kutora chigaro mumuviri kemisitiri uye mineralogy panguva Sorbonne, akaenda kuGeneva. Kutama kushandura zvinhu kunogona kutsanangurwa leftist maonero ake uye kusawirirana pamusoro mitemo of Third Republic pazvinhu zvesayenzi. Pashure candidacy chake chikakandirwa kure muna 1902, muna 1905 akanga akabvuma kuna Academy.

Mukurumbira Nobel Prize kwakaita French Parliament muna 1904 vagadze professorship idzva Curie panguva Sorbonne. Pierre akati haana kuramba School of Physics, nepo Hakungatozongosiiwi zvakazara inotsigirwa murabhoritari pamwe zvakafanira kuwanda vabatsiri. Ake kudiwa akasangana, uye Maria vakaenda rabhoritari ake.

By pakutanga 1906 Per Kyuri yakagadzirira, pakupedzisira, kekutanga kutanga basa zvakakodzera ezvinhu, kunyange zvazvo akanga achirwara uye vaneta zvikuru.

April 19, 1906 kuParis, panguva yokuzorora masikati, kuenda kubva musangano navo panguva Sorbonne, vachipfuura tsvedza kubva mvura Rue Dauphine Curie akaverevedza pamberi bhiza chekufambisa. The musayendisiti akafa mutsaona. rufu rukamukurumidzira, kunyange zvinorwadza, zvisinei, akamubatsira kutiza rufu pakuti Per Kyuri yakawanikwa - nemwaranzi dzokupisa, uye gare gare akauraya mudzimai wake. The Vaviri akavigwa crypt pamusoro Pantheon kuParis.

Zvinokonzerwa musayendisiti

The radioactivity pamusoro Radium anoita chaizvo ngozi namakemikari maatomu akafanana. Masayendisiti akaona izvozvo chete pashure kushandiswa nefuma kujekesa dials, ukomba, nenguva yeko, uye namajoko pakutanga maviri remakore vakatanga kuva nezvahunoita utano wevanamakanika uye vatengi. Zvisinei, Radium chloride inoshandiswa mushonga nokuda kurapwa kenza.

Polonium akagashira zvakasiyana dzinoshanda kushanda muna maindasitiri uye zvenyukireya zvivako. Chinonziwo kuti chepfu chaizvo uye zvinogona kushandiswa senzvimbo muchetura. Zvichida inokosha iri kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu Nyuturoni fiyuzi kuti zvombo zvenyukireya.

Vachikudza Pierre Curie muna Radiology Congress muna 1910 pashure pokufa Physics rave ainzi chairema radioactivity zvakaenzana 3,7 X October ¹⁰ disintegrations por yechipiri kana 37 gigabecquerels.

Science chigaro

Vana nevazukuru vane yefizikisi naiyowo yave masayendisiti vakakurumbira. mwanasikana wavo, Irène akaroora Frederika Zholio uye muna 1935 ivo vaviri vakagamuchira Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri. mwanasikana muduku Eva, akaberekwa muna 1904, akaroora mumwe American Wenyika uye mukuru mukuru weUN Vana Fund. Iye ndiye munyori Biography wamai vake, "Madame Curie" (1938), rakashandurwa mumitauro inoverengeka.

Muzukurukadzi - Hélène Langevin-Joliot - akava purofesa wefizikisi kwenyukireya paYunivhesiti Paris, uye muzukuru wake - Pierre Joliot-Curie uye zita rokukudza sekuru vake - inozivikanwa zvipenyu.