Form, pfungwa uye maumbirwo ehurumende. The Social nemamiriro ezvinhu

Maererano nemitemo ipi iyo hurumende inoshanda? Chii chiri kushanduka kwemaitiro ezvematongerwe enyika emasangano? Ndeapi mazano makuru ekushandisa kwesimba kuburikidza nehurumende dzehurumende munyika dzemazuva ano uye, kunyanya, muRussia?

Chii chinonzi nyika?

Tisati tadzidza kuti chimiro nemabasa ehurumende ndezvipi, tichazvitsanangurira zvatinoreva nezvazvo. Iko kune mazano akawanda ezvinyorwa pamusoro pechikonzero ichi. Pakati pezvakanyanya kufanana nderokuti tsanangudzo inotevera. Iyo nyika yakakomba nzira yekubatanidza kwevanhu vakabatana pachishandiswa nyika kana nharaunda, inosimbiswa kuti ive nechokwadi chehutano hwehupenyu hwehupenyu, kuchengeteka uye rusununguko rwevanhu vose.

Vanhu, vachida kusarudza kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera, kugumisa "chibvumirano chevanhu" nehurumende, "kupa" hurumende kune hurumende (paramende) kana kuratidza hurumende yega pamusoro pemitemo yekururamisira uye kufungidzira zvevanhu. Mukutanga kwemamiriro ezvinhu, apo paiva mubvunzo wekushamwaridzana kwevanhu munharaunda shomanana, yakawanda kana isiri yakasiyana-siyana yevanhu uye tsika, pakanga pasina chikonzero che "kutumirwa". Zvaive zvakakwana kuti vagari vemo vasarudze, vachitaura, "mutungamiri" ane ruzivo kana boka revaya vane chinangwa chekugadzirisa mitemo yehurumende yega.

Nekuwedzera mumiganhu yenyika, "vatungamiri" vakarega kukwana zvachose. Kana kuti, kupesana kwakatanga kuonekwa pakati pavo, kuchida kugadziriswa kwekutonga kwehurumende. Chokutanga, mabasa e "mutungamiri" akatanga kuiswa muzvigaro zvechidiki chechidiki chevatungamiri - pakupedzisira, iye oga mambo. Gare gare, masangano akasarudzwa ehurumende akatanga kuonekwa . Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, chimiro cheNyika yekare yeRussia yaisanganisira musangano weVanhu's Veche. Zvivako zveParamende zvakatanga kuumbwa munyika dzeEurope. Mune fomu yakawanda kana iri pasi pezvino, masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ekugadzirisa masangano ehurumende akaumbwa pakupera kwema17 - kusvika kumazana emakore ekuma18. Paiva nedzidziso dzichiratidza mitemo yekuparadzanisa masimba. Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakatanga kushandiswa mukuita. Zvino, maererano navo, maitiro ezvematongerwe enyika enyika dzakawanda anoshanda.

Sezvo tatsanangura nyaya inokosha yekutsvakurudza kwedu kuduku, tinogona kutanga kutanga kuti chimiro nemabasa enyika ndeapi. Ngatitangei neshoko rokutanga.

Tsanangudzo yegadziriro

Chii "chirevo chehurumende"? Maererano nedudziro, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakati pezvematongerwo enyika ezveRussia, iyi ndiyo masangano ezvematongerwe enyika uye masangano anoita mabasa anodiwa ekushandiswa kwesimba nehurumende dzinobatsira. Chimiro chehurumende muchimiro chemazuva ano chinonyanya kuratidzwa mumitambo yemasangano akasiyana-siyana ehurumende, akaparadzaniswa kuva maitiro matatu ekushanda: mutemo, mutongi, uye mutongi. Izvo, izvozvi, zvinopinda muhuwandu hwakawanda hwezvivako zvakagadzirirwa humwe hutungamiri huripo mukushandiswa kwehurongwa hwekutonga kwenyika - mashumiri, masangano, makomiti, nezvimwewo.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakasarudza mauto akazvimiririra sechinhu chakasiyana mumamiriro ehurumende, uyewo miviri yakaumbwa muitiko rekukurumidzirwa kwekukurumidzirwa - somuenzaniso, Hurongwa Hwakagadziriswa munguva ye1917 revolution, iyo yakanga isati yambofungidzirwa nemitemo yezvino yenyika. Unyanzvi uye huwandu hwemasimba ayo masimba ane simba akakodzera anogadzirirwa anotsanangurwa nezvinangwa uye zvinangwa zvezvikamu zvekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Iko kune mazwi ayo ane mamwe maonero ezviri kutaurwa, asi ndeapi mamwe masayenzi. Kune vakadaro, somuenzaniso, rinoreva pfungwa yakadaro se "chimiro chevanhu vehurumende." Icho chinoreva kusarudzwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu nemamwe mapoka maererano nenzvimbo yezvematongerwe enyika evanhu. Sezvo chisarudzo - avo vari vezvikoro. Icho chikonzero, somuenzaniso, ruzivo rwemagariro ehurumende muMiddle Ages rungarondedzerwa nemapoka akaita sevarimi, bourgeoisie, vagari venyika, vatungamiri, etc. Kune vezvematongerwe enyika uye masangano ehurumende, izwi iri rine maonero akanaka.

Icho chiri chirevo che "state structure". Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinogona kufanana nehurukuro. Asi, sekutonga, zvinoreva chimwe chezvematongerwe enyika, sangano kana sangano rine chimwe chinhu chekuita nehurumende. Izvozvi, somuenzaniso, hurumende inenge yakarongeka yehurumende. Uyewo, semuenzaniso, federal budgetary institution "Information and Technology Center." Kana JSC Gazprom. Zvose izvi zvivako zvehurumende. Kuti tishandise izwi rekudzidza rakadzidza mune zvidzidzo zvedu zvishoma mumamiriro ezvinhu aya iyo iri mubvunzo wemasangano akakodzera kana masangano, zvakakosha kuva vakangwarira kuti urege kudzivirirwa semantic.

Zvematongerwe enyika mabasa

Pfungwa ye "chimiro chehurumende" inowanzotarisana neimwe pfungwa - "zvematongerwe enyika". Kazhinji, zvose zviri zviitiko zvehutano hwakafanana. Vanoratidza mazano uye maitiro pamusoro pesimba iro simba rehurumende rinoona zvarinosungirwa pasi pesangano revanhu. Zvisinei, kana hurongwa hwehurumende huri sangano remasangano, kureva, akawanda e "toolbox" yesimba, zvekuita zvematongerwe enyika zviri, maererano nemaonero anozivikanwa, zvinangwa zvakakosha uye mabasa ayo masangano ehurumende anoshanda anogadzirwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti "mabasa" anogadzirisa "chimiro" pane imwe nzvimbo. Pasi pemabasa chaiwo akaenzana nehutungamiri hwematongerwe ezvematongerwo enyika, hurumende dzakasarudzwa dziri kushandiswa, simba rezvematongerwe enyika riri kuumbwa.

Mukusayenzi yezvematongerwe enyika yemazuva ano, ndeye tsika yekuisa mitemo yezvematongerwo enyika mukati nekunze. Ikutanga inosanganisira kugadzirisa mitemo, kushandiswa kwemitemo, zvehupfumi, hutano, tsika, pamwe nekushanda kwezvakatipoteredza. Chechipiri inodzivirirwa uye inopindira (dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsindirawo "kubatana" mumugariro wayo, chinangwa chekuvakira ukama uye ukama hwehukama pane imwe nzvimbo yenyika).

Pfungwa yekuparadzanisa masimba

Takaona pamusoro apa kuti chirevo chekuparadzanisa kwemasimba chiri kuwanikwa mune zvematongerwo enyika zvemazuva ano enyika. Chii ichocho? Icho chimiro chechimiro chehurumende chakagadzirwa mukati maro? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti simba rinoparadzaniswa kuva matavi matatu makuru anoshanda - mutemo, mutongi uye mutongi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anozvipira asingatauri kubva pakuona kwekugadzirisa mabasa akaiswa kumutemo kana mamwe mabasa emurairo, asi panguva imwechete inoshanda mumugariro weimwe nzvimbo yezvinangwa zvakakosha.

Mukubatanidzwa uku, kwaive nekudikanwa kwekuparadzanisa masimba? Maererano nehuwandu hwemaonero ehutano, chimiro chakadai chechimiro chehurumende ndicho chikonzero chekuvandudzwa kwematongerwe enyika uye kuumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma munharaunda -yezvematongerwe enyika kwechirevo: simba harifaniri kuiswa mune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti mumaoko evanhu. Nokudaro, matare emitemo, makuru uye magweta ehurumende anoshevedzwa kuti aite simba ravo pamwe chete nechinangwa chokuderedza mikana yekubviswa kwekodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika.

Paramende

Izvo zvematongerwo enyika zvehurumende nhasi, sekutonga, zvinoreva kuvapo kwemasimba eparamende. Ndeipi iyo inzvimbo dzakakwirira dzebumbiro remutemo. Paramende inoita zvinotevera mabasa makuru: kunyora mitemo, inomiririra zvinodiwa zvevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana mune zvematongerwe enyika, uyewo kutonga pamusoro pemabasa ehutungamiriri webazi.

Hurumende

Iyo nzira yehurumende yakawanikwa munyika dzakawanda dzemazuva ano, mafungiro ayo uye chimiro, inofungidzirwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, inoreva kuti kune hurumende yehurumende yenyika kwete kwete peparamende chete, asiwo masangano ehurumende. Ndeipi iyo miviri yakakwirira yemasimba makuru. Mabasa ehurumende-hurumende, masangano, mabasa (kana tichibvumirana kuti nzira yehurumende yakagamuchirwa muRussia inotsanangurwa - chirevo uye chimiro chayo mune zvematongerwo enyika yezvematongerwo enyika sangano rose hachikonzeri kukurukurirana) - yakaderedzwa kusvika kushanda kwakarurama kwezviito zvepamutemo zvakagamuchirwa pamwero weparamende, pamwe nemitemo - mitemo, mitemo, nezvimwe.

Matare

Uyezve, magweta anogadzirisa nyaya dzine chokuita nemitemo yekuita mitemo mune zvinoenderana nemitemo iripo. Kana, sezvazvakaitika mune dzimwe nyika, inobudisa zvinyorwa zvemutemo nenzira yezvakaitika, kuwedzera mabasa edzimhosva uye masimba makuru anogadzira nzira yehurumende. Icho chirevo uye chimiro chemhosva yepamutemo chinopesana zvikuru kubva kune iyo inonzi "Roma" nzira yekushanda kwemitemo, apo matareti asingatauri zvakananga mukugamuchirwa kwemabasa epamutemo.

Ndeupi wevaviri miviri yakanyanyobudirira ndiyo nyaya yekukurukurirana kushingaira. Imwe nzira kana imwe, iyo "Roman" system inowanikwa munyika, kusanganisira muRussia. Mhosva yemutemo inowanikwa zvikuru muUnited States uye Great Britain.

State uye Mutemo

Pamusoro peizvi taona kuti kudiwa kwekugadzira nyika kwakaonekwa apo vanhu vaida kuzvipa chivimbiso chekurarama mukuchengeteka, rusununguko, nehutano hwakakodzera hwehupenyu. Nokufamba kwenguva, "chido" ichi chakashandurwa kuva chakanaka kana chigadzirwa chakadai. Kuchengetedza kwavo kwave mamiriro ekumanikidzira nhasi. Nokudaro, hazvina kukwana kuti mamiriro ehutano chete ehurumende anoshanda mune imwe sangano rezvematongerwo enyika. Uye kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinofanirawo kuzadzikiswa zvisingaverengeki.

Nzira iyo iyo yezvematongerwe enyika yenyika inotsanangurwa seyakwanisa kupa hukuru hwevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu dzakasiyana zvikuru. Munzira dzakawanda, chimiro chavo chinotsanangurwa netsika dzezvemagariro evanhu, tsika dzevanhu. Mune dzimwe nyika, somuenzaniso, kodzero yekutaura zvematongerwe enyika haisi kuonekwa seinokosha. Mune vamwe, zvinogamuchirwa kuti nyika ine zvese zvinodiwa kuti zvione zvinodiwa zve vagari kuitira kuti vataure pachena pamusoro pehugaro hwavo munhau dzehurumende. Chimiro chehurumende uye mutemo imomo - zvose maererano nemafungiro ezvinyorwa zvehutungamiri hwakanaka hwezvematongerwo enyika mune zvesayenzi uye mune chinhu chikuru chekuita kwezvinhu zvinoitwa nehurumende - zvinosanganisira kuvepo kwekuda kwemasangano anobatsira.

Zvinomirira simba

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti zvakakosha kuti isarudze kunze kwezvinhu zvikamu zvehurumende yezvematongerwe enyika iyo inofanirwa nemhando dzose dzemasangano enyika. Izvi zvinosanganisira masimba, kodzero, zvinokurudzira, uye mutoro. Zvechokwadi, ivo vose varipo mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei nokuti maitiro uye maitiro ehurumende zvakanyatsomiririrwa sei. Kunyange kana tikafunga mienzaniso yekusangana kwemasimba emasimba munguva dzekare, apo pakange pasina kuparadzana kwemasimba, izvi zvikamu zvematongerwe enyika zvaive zviripo. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe wavo, semasayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika ezvematongerwo enyika anotenda, anofanirwa kuva akaenzana kubva pakuona kwekudzorera kune rumwe rutivi rwechinhu chekushandisa simba rekushandisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, nekufamba kwemazuva uye nharaunda yekuvandudza zvematongerwe enyika, pfungwa uye mazano zvakagadzirwa izvo zvaizobvumira masangano ekutonga enyika kuti aite zvinoenderana nechirevo ichi. Dzidziso yekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, maererano nevasayendisiti vezvematongerwe enyika, yakava imwe yemigumisiro yekuvandudza nzira dzinokosha dzeveorists nevashandi vehurumende kuti vawane kuenzana pakati pezvinhu zvina izvi zvikuru zvekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Zvinhu zvemazuva ano zvehurumende mitambo

Zviri pachena kuti chimiro, maitiro ehurumende akachinja kwenguva. Takaona izvi pakutanga kwechinyorwa: kutanga kwaiva "vatungamiri", uye madzimambo, gare gare paramende uye kuparadzana kwemasimba kwakaonekwa. Izvo zviitiko zvemazuva ano zvinoti "zvakarongwa" sei? Masayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika anoona zvikamu zvakakodzera zvematongerwo enyika. Zvichienderana nenyika, zviyero zvekutsunga kwavo zvinogona kusiyana. MuRussia, maererano nenyaya yakafanana yekuona, rudzi urwu rwezvinhu zvinotaridzwa se:

- zviremera (federal, regional and municipal municipal level);

- masangano ehurumende (masangano ekuchengetedza, kutonga, kuongorora, nezvimwewo);

- masangano ehurumende (zvikoro, zvipatara, mabhuku, makero);

- mabhizimisi ehurumende.

Mune dzimwe nyika, zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakasarudzwa, saka, zvinogona kunge zviri pachedu. MuRussia, ivo vari pachena (sekune vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanotenda, zvikurukuru nekuda kwetsika dzepamutemo uye mazano ehutongi hwehurumende hwakagadzirwa panguva yeSoviet).

Chii "chiremera"

Ngatitangei tichigara mune zvakawanda pamusoro pechinhu chokutanga chekutanga, ndiko kuti, kune zviremera. Ndezvipi zvakakosha zvinoratidzika? Mazuva ano masayendisiti mazano anotsanangura maitiro ehurumende, pfungwa uye maitiro ayo zvinofanira kutarisa, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinotevera. Saka, simba:

- inoumbwa, ichibva kune kuda kwenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika ;

- inotakura mhando dzemabasa anotsanangurwa nemitemo yemutemo;

- ine sangano rehurongwa, zviratidzo zvaro zvinonyatsotsanangurwa zviri pamutemo;

- ane humwe unyanzvi, kodzero, mabasa;

- inoshanda kune imwe ndima (kumativi ose enyika yose, mune imwe nzvimbo, guta).

Pakati pezvimwe zviitiko zvinoratidzira zviremera - kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvepfuma (zvivako zvivako, nzira dzekukurukurirana, nezvimwewo), zvirongwa zvekugovera simba rinoshanda revashandi (nzvimbo, nzvimbo), kuzvidavirira kune vane masimba makuru.

Hurumende uye masunharaunda

Iko pfungwa uye chimiro chehurumende chinopindirana sei nemitemo yekushandiswa kwehurumende yemaspala? Icho chikonzero chikuru chekutsanangurira pano ndiko kukosha kwemabasa pane zvakakodzera yekushandiswa kwesimba. Mutaundi iyi inzvimbo yekutungamira uye nzvimbo yeunharaunda - guta, ruwa, ruwa. Denderedzwa yemabasa, sarudzo iyo inopihwa kune zvidzidzo zvehurumende yega-hurumende, sekutonga, yakasiyana neyedzimwe sangano rehurumende. Nzira yemazuva ano yehurumende, pfungwa uye chimiro chayo, iyo inogamuchirwa sechidzidzo chepfungwa dzezvidzidzo mune zvikoro zvezvesayenzi, zvinoreva huwandu hwekuzvidzivirira kwemasunuta - nokuti nekuda, kuita munzvimbo yepanyika, zviremera zvingangokwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo zvakanakisisa kupfuura Zvikamu zvepamusoro zvekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Ndezvipi zvinhu zvine tsika yekutsanangurira masimba avo muRussia? Izwi rokuti "nyika" uye "masunisi" simba mumitemo yeRussian Federation yakasiyana. Zvisinei, mitemo inokosha yekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika emitambo inoshandiswa nekutongwa kwezvematongerwe enyika emhando mbiri, semasayendisiti akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika anotenda uye sezviri kuonekwa nemashoko mumitemo yakawanda, yakafanana, dzimwe nguva inenge yakafanana. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzebasa racho, "nyika" uye "maguta" masimba muRussia akasiyana chete nezita.

Zvisinei, kuitwa muzvikoro zvakawanda enyika dzidziso ehurumende mamiriro zvinoreva kuti unhu utariri munyika runobvira chete kana nouchapupu kuzvionera nekugadzirisa matambudziko panguva matunhu neminisiparati chechetere. Saka, pasinei nechitarisiko zvakafanana. dzemitemo, simba panguva yeUnited, kwematunhu uye nemakanzuru pamwero yaifanira muRussia panguva zvakakwana zvaioneka vanotongwa ayo Implementation kuti kuzvionera.