Feudal nematende. History of Ages

Feudal nematende achiri kukwezva vachiyemura glances. Zvakaoma kudavira kuti izvi nguva inoshamisa zvirimwa upenyu: vanhu kuronga upenyu, pakurera vana, kutarisira vaanotonga. Vakawanda nhare ari feudal madzishe Middle Ages kudzivirirwa neHurumende rine nokuda kuvakwa kwavo uye mavakirwo nevamwe. Zvisinei, vose zvivako izvi zvine uwandu nyaya zvakafanana, nokuti mabasa avo akafanana uye vakabva mararamiro uye zvakaita feudal wehurumende.

Lords: ndivanaani

Tisati tataura pamusoro sei Castle sechigaro feudal ishe, tinofunga kuti zvakanga kirasi Ages muvanhu. European inoti vaive monarchies, asi namambo, vakamira panopindwa chakaderedzwa mutengo simba, zvishoma asarudza. Power kusimbiswa mumaoko vanonzi vakwegura - avo vaiva feudal madzishe. Uyezve, mukati hurongwa akanyatsorongwa kuvapowo anonzi feudal manera. On kwayo repasi weDanho vaiva Knights. The feudal madzishe, muri danho kumusoro, akadana vatongi vari pasi, uye muranda ukama - Señor vakaramba kuvinga pedyo masitepisi nhanho.

ishe mumwe aiva nharaunda yake, iro raiva feudal yemauto ari Kuziviswa yatiri Uuye pazasi. omurume (vatongi vari pasi) uye varimi vaigara pano. Saka, kwaiva mhando wehurumende mukati ezvinhu. Ndokusaka Ages Europe, ezvinhu inonzi feudal kusabatana, iyo kwazvo kuderedza nyika.

The ukama pakati feudal madzishe haana vagara vavakidzani, zvaiwanzoitwa ruvengo pakati pavo, paanomupfimba kundima. Ive feudal tenzi raifanira rakavakirwa uye kudzivirirwa kurwiswa. Chaizvoizvo Unoshanda muchitsauko chinotevera.

Key zvechizarira basa

The chaizvo tsanangudzo "zvechizarira" rinoreva chinhu mapurani yakarongeka, iro rinobatanidza zvoupfumi uye kudzivirira mabasa.

On hwaro ichi, kuti feudal Castle muMiddle Ages, zvinotevera mabasa:

1. Military. The kuvaka kwete kufanira kudzivirira vagari (ari muridzi nemhuri yake), asi varanda, vamwe, vatongi vari pasi. Uyezve, uku ndiko dzimbahwe remapazi zvechiuto.

2. Administrative. feudal nhare yaiva mhando pakati, kubva apo nyika zvakanaka.

3. Political. Public nyaya uyewo vakanga chakagadziriswa muumambo yaJehovha, saka mamaneja vakapiwa mabasa mumunda.

4. Cultural. Mumhepo yemauto regai nyaya kuwana pfungwa azvino nefashoni - Ngazvive nokushongedza, maitiro ounyanzvi kana mumhanzi. Panyaya iyi, iyo vatongi vari pasi nguva dzose runotungamirirwa tenzi wake.

5. Business. Castle yaiva muzinda varimi navapfuri vesimbi. Izvi hanya administrative nyaya, uye kutengeserana.

Wrong kuchaita enzanisa mashoko feudal yemauto izvo zvinorondedzerwa munyaya ino, uye simba. Pane zvikuru kusiyana pakati pavo. Nhare akagadzirirwa kudzivirira kwete chete nharaunda wehondo, asiwo vose vagere pasina chaakasiya apo Castle yaiva nhare chete nokuda feudal ishe, maari, mhuri yake, uye vakawanda vamwe vatongi vari pasi.

Nenhare - yamuro imwe nomunda, uye chivako - rwokudzivirira chivako pamwe dzakabudirira kwezvivako, apo mumwe ichocho ane chairo basa.

Prototypes feudal nematende

Sechivako ichi mhando wokutanga akaonekwa Asiria, ipapo tsika iyi rakumbirwa Ancient Rome. Eya, mushure feudal madzishe Europe - vainyanya UK, France uye Spain - vari kutanga kuvaka nematende avo. Kazhinji unogona kuona zvivakwa izvi uye muPalestine, nekuti ipapo, ari XII remakore, pakati muHondo vakanga ukuwo, iyo adzikinura nyika kwaidiwa kuti varambe uye kudzivirira kuburikidza pakuvaka dzinokosha zvivako.

Zamkostroitelstva pfungwa haazombotaurwi pamwe feudal kusabatana, kana hurumende European vari centralized. Zvechokwadi, iye zvino unogona Musatya kurwiswa muvakidzani encroached pamusoro chemumwe munhu.

Kunyanya, unodzivirira functionality iri zvishoma nezvishoma chakatsiva aesthetic zvinoriumba.

Kutarisika

nekukatanura STRUCTURAL zvinhu asati, ndinofungidzira chakafanana zvavo zviri feudal Castle iri kuMiddle Ages. Chinhu chokutanga anobata ziso rako - mumwe mugero runopoterera nharaunda yose, iyo vakamira mumwe akakura marongerwo. Tevere kwakava pamadziro turrets duku kuti vadzivise muvengi.

Castle akatungamirira chete pasuo rimwe - a drawbridge, ipapo - simbi. Over nezvimwe zvivako zvose mvura yaro yakaita rusvingo shongwe huru kana mugomba. Muchivanze seri chinangwa uye anodiwa kwezvivako: zvitoro, mumwe smithy uye chigayo.

Zvinofanira akati kuti nzvimbo pakuvaka akasarudzwa nokungwarira, chaifanira kuva chikomo, chikomo kana gomo. Zvakanaka, kana iwe akakwanisa kusarudza kundima izvo kanenge rumwe adjoined muviri wechisikigo mvura - rwizi kana dziva. Vakawanda vakaona kuti zvakafanana matendere shiri dzamakondo Vhudzi (Photo pazasi semuenzaniso) - uye vose vanozivikanwa inaccessibility kwavo.

Hill Lock

Ngationgororei STRUCTURAL zvinhu zvezvivako zvizere. Hill zvechizarira yaiva pachikomo akarurama chimiro. Kazhinji, pose aiva sikweya. The pakakwirira pazvikomo raiva avhareji mashanu gumi metres, vaiva zvakagadzirwa uye pamusoro chiratidzo ichi.

Cherechedzai akapiwa rudzi, kushandiswa kuti muzinda yavarwi. Kazhinji, ivhu kushandiswa, ari kosi akaenda peat, reraimu matombo. Ivo vakatora zvinhu kubva mugomba, rakanga ucherwe chikomo kudzivirira nani.

Zvakanga zvakakurumbira flooring pamusoro mujinga zvakagadzirwa netsvimbo kana kuti mapuranga. It zvakare dzichengeterwe manera.

nomugero

Saka kwenguva yakati kunetesa mberi zvingakanganisa muvengi, uye kuitawo chokufambisa kwakaoma kukombwa pfuti, vaida chaizvo nomugero runopoterera chikomo hwaakange nematende. Mufananidzo unoratidza sei hurongwa raishanda.

Hako vanofanira vazadze nomugero nemvura - nayo inosimbiswa kuti muvengi haangavi kubereka mugero pamusoro yemauto nhandare. Mvura iri kazhinji yaipiwa kubva muviri wechisikigo mvura yaiva pedyo. Nomugero aifanira kugara kucheneswa muguruva, zvimwe nayo shoaling uye vasingagoni zvizere kuita zvayo unodzivirira ushande.

Sezvo zvaiwanzoitwa, kana pasi matanda kana vakatasva nembambo kuti kudzivirira kuyambuka. Nokuti muridzi wenhare, mhuri yake, vaanotonga uye vashanyi akanga akapa drawbridge, izvo zvakazoita zvakananga pasuo.

gedhi

Kuwedzera kwaro zvakananga mabasa akaita masuo nevamwe. feudal nematende aiva yakachengeteka chaizvo pamusuo kuti panguva yokukomba Zvaisava nyore kubata.

Suo rakanga yakanyatsoiswa chaiwo ponderous mbariro, vane chimiro mumatanda pamwe gobvu simbi. Nekurovererwa, iye akawira vatore muvengi.

Kuwedzera nevarindi vamire pasuo, kumativi maviri pasuwo pamadziro wakakombwa vaiva shongwe maviri nani maonero (pamukova nzvimbo yaiva vanonzi "bofu mapazi". It dzichengeterwe kwete chete tarisai, asiwo basa uta.

Zvichida pangozi zvikuru chikamu pasuwo raiva suwo - kudiwa chacho kudzivirira kwakaitika murima, nekuti nomukova yemauto yakavharwa kuti usiku. Saka, zvaibvira kuti arambe vose anoshanyira nzvimbo nguva "inopportune".

chivanze

Kuva kudzora varindi pamukova, mushanyi anopinda muchivanze chomukati, apo unogona kutarisa upenyu chaihwo panhare ishe. Heano zvose chikuru papurazi dzimba uye basa rakanga chipatapata: varwi vakarovedzwa, mhizha kuumba zvombo, mhizha yakabereka anodiwa zvemumba, varanda vaite mabasa avo. Panewo tsime nemvura yokunwa.

Nzvimbo rechivanze haana guru, izvo zvinoita kuti akuteerere zvose zvinoitika pasi pfuma ishe.

donjon

The chinhu kuti nguva dzose Anobata ziso kana uchitarisa Castle - iri kuramba. Ndicho chirefu kupfuura shongwe, mwoyo chero musha ishe. Raiva zvikuru munzvimbo isingasvikiki, uye pakukora masvingo aro akanga zvokuti aparadze mamiriro izvi zvakanga zvakaoma. shongwe iyi zvinopa kugona kuongorora nezvakapoteredza uye vakashumira sezvo rokupedzisira utiziro. Kana muvengi dzakapasanura napakati mupomerwi mutsetse, vagari rwaipotera panhare mugomba uye akapikisa refu rakakombwa. Zvisinei, kuramba haana kuzvidzivirira mabasa chete: pano, panguva chikuru yakati sandara, munhu feudal tenzi akararama uye mhuri yake. Pasi - varanda uye varwi. Kazhinji mukati mamiriro ichi kwakava tsime.

The pasi pauriri - imba hombe apo mutambo zvakasvibirira kwakaitika. Nokuti pamuouki tafura, yakanga vakatutirana pamwe ose ndiro, ndakagara kukupfura ishe pachake.

Interesting womukati mapurani: pakati pamasvingo zononoka manera, izvo zvinogona kufamba pakati zvese zvakanga zvakavanzika. Mumwe nomumwe Mapuriro kuti yakazvimirira yapfuura uye zvinotevera. Izvi zvinowedzera kuchengeteka.

Mugomba inochengetwa zvenyukireya zvombo, zvokudya uye zvokunwa kana okukomba. The zvigadzirwa yaichengeterwawo pamusoro soro pasi, kuti mhuri feudal zvapiwa uye havana nenzara.

Zvino funga mumwe mubvunzo: sei feudal nhare dzakanga vakasununguka? Zvinosuruvarisa unhu uhwu kutambura. Pakuongorora nyaya yacho feudal wenhare, akanzwa kubva pamiromo chapupu (mufambi akashanyira umwe izvi dostoprmechatelnostey), tinogona kugumisa kuti kwaitonhora chaizvo. Pasinei nokuedza varanda kuti vakuchidzire mukamuri - hazvina kushanda, zvakanga makuru dzoUmambo. Yakataurawo kusavapo unodziya musha uye monotonous sezvo vakanga "kudimburwa" makamuri.

rusvingo

Zvinenge chinonyanya kukosha wenhare, aiva ne Ages feudal ishe, aiva nhare norusvingo. Akanga takapoteredzwa chikomo pamusoro akamira mukuru chivakwa. By masvingo anokosha zvinodiwa: chaizvo kureba (pamatanho haana kukwana kukombwa) uye simba, nokuti kurwisa anowanzoshandiswa kwevanhu zviwanikwa kwete chete, asiwo anokosha namano. Avhareji parameters pamusoro zvakagadzirwa zvakadai: 12 metres yakakwirira uye 3 metres ukobvu. Chaizvo, handizvo here?

Korona rusvingo neimwe pakona nharire, apo varindi vaiva pabasa, uye uta. Munzvimbo wenhare Bridge aivawo nzvimbo inokosha pamusoro porusvingo kune rakakombwa aigona zvinobudirira kuratidza kurwisa hitters.

Mukuwedzera, vakapoteredza mukomberedzo kwemasvingo, pamusoro chaizvo pamusoro wake, akabata maberere nokuda kwokudzivirira nemasoja.

Genesis panhare

Sei upenyu sechipo Ages Castle? Munhu wechipiri pashure feudal ishe aiva maneja, vaichengeta nhoroondo muridzi rinoteerera vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi vaishanda pamusoro wenhumbi munzvimbo. munhu uyu akatora kufungwa sei chigadzirwa yakanga yabudisa uye vakauya chii zvitsama akabhadhara retainers kushandiswa munyika. Kazhinji aishanda ari maneja ari peya imwe wezvokukurukurirana. Dzimwe nguva akagovera vakaparadzana kamuri panhare.

Vashandi veHurumende zvaisanganisira pakarepo varanda kubatsira hondo uye hositesi, paivawo mubiki-povaryata vabatsiri, fayameni - munhu mhosva kudziyisa mukamuri, mupfuri uye saddler. Kuwanda varanda kwakanga Proportional kuimba yemauto uye mamiriro ari feudal ishe zvakananga.

A yakafarikana zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vakuchidzire. Stone masvingo atonhodze pasi zvikuru usiku, mukuwedzera, ivo zvakasimba tibatsirwe unyoro. Naizvozvo, makamuri taigara nyorova uye kuchitonhora. Chokwadi, fayameni vakaedza nepavaigona napo kuramba kupisa, asi havasi kubudirira. Zvikurukuru madzishe vakapfuma nezvaaigona kupedza masvingo matanda kana pamakapeti, machira. Kuti tirambe zvakawanda kupisa sezvinobvira, mahwindo vakaita zvishoma.

Rakashandiswa kudziyisa reraimu hwebisiro, vaiva mukicheni, apo kupisa kuwedzera mukamuri pedyo. Nokugadzirwa mukana kudziyisa zvikwepa, uye dzimwe zvechizarira nzvimbo. Special kunyaradza madzishe akasika munhu tiled hovhoni. Special zvinhu (calcined ivhu) kubvumira kuti vakuchidzire munzvimbo huru uye nani vanochengeta nekupisa.

Chii kudya panhare

Sezvineiwo zvokudya Castle vagari. Pano pasocial Misiyano kurondwa zvakanakisisa. Vazhinji Muterere vaiva nyama ndiro. Zvino akasarudzwa nyama uye nyama yenguruve.

No kukosha mune feudal tafura mubasa zvokurima zvigadzirwa: chingwa, waini, doro, nechipiriso. Zvinenge zvakanga sezvinotevera: nobler kupfuura feudal ishe - the kupenya chingwa patafura yake. Hapana chakavanzika napo unhu hwakatsetseka. Percentage nezviyo zvigadzirwa aiva soro, uye nyama, hove, michero, michero uye miriwo rinongova Kuwedzera inofadza.

Special hari chinokudza kuMiddle Ages raiva kushandisa yakawanda ezvinonhuhwira. Uye pano ndinoziva nezvaaigona chinhu kupfuura varombo. Somuenzaniso, kuti Far East Africa kana nezvinonhuhwira, kuti mutengo (diki capacitance) kwete muduku mombe.