Dare iri Medieval Russia: muPskov Pakutonga Charter

MuPskov Pakutonga Charter - yakakurumbira dzemari Ages mutemo, inonzi yakasimbiswa muPskov muna 1397 (ruzivo uyu akanyorwa gwaro). It rinotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu mitemo Russian pamusoro matare uye mhosva gadziriro iyoyo. Pashure kuudzidza, unogona kudzidza pamusoro zhinji nezvehukorokodzwa muedzo kana chirango zviyero aishanda mamwe kutyorwa.

MuPskov Pakutonga Charter: neimwewo muchidimbu

Gwaro iri muzvikamu huru zvikamu zviviri, izvo zvaizoitawo ine zvikamu zvinoverengeka. Chikamu chokutanga rakazvipira dare, rinoronga mhando yayo, tsanangura sei muedzo, tsanangudzo uchapupu uye dare mari.

In chechipiri chine mashoko pamusoro mhosva zvigumbuso, chikwereti uye nhaka mitemo, zvokutengeserana uye makaita.

Ngatikurukurei anonakidza zvikuru nguva.

fines

Fines zvavakatemerwa kuti kuba, kurwa, kuba, kupamba uye umhondi. The mari hwaibva munhu wacho status: nokuti Boyar makumi mashanu rubles kuti "murume zhitego" - maviri, uye kuti "murume molodshego" - gumi.

Kune mhando nhatu Zvirango vakarehwa muPskov Pakutonga Charter: rokutengesa (faindi Knyazhye yepfuma), kuripira akuvara kana hama dzake uye dare mari. The mari yakanga yakakura zvokuti nguva - varombo vanhu kazhinji sezvo pakanga pasina mari, izvo zvinoita kuti vave ngoni zvikuru shoroma zvikamu vokuparidzira vatengesi, vanokudzwa, moneylenders.

mamiriro mhosva

Gwaro rinotaura mazita kunyanya kwemhosva pamusoro mamiriro. Ichi hurumende, vanopinda nechisimba meruvanze nezvakatongwa masangano vzyatnichestvo, vachinyomba mukuru mukuru. Vose vairangwa zvinobudirira zvikuru - rufu.

Nokuti zvishoma zvakakura kudarika aifanira mumwe chete mhando kurangwa - zvakasiyana siyana fines. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuona kuti mutemo mhosva muna muPskov Pakutonga Charter aiva muripo pane kuri.

Court Forms

Muruvazhe muchinda meya

nzvimbo mbiri idzi dzakanga dyidzana: kana vavo vasingagoni kutonga pasina kuvapo imwe. Vaimiririra zvinotaurwa maviri - nehurumende uye Zemsky, vakanga vari kuwirirana. The kugona roruvanze uye vaiva tatba golovschina, zvaibiwa kwakaenderera, kurwisana uye banditry.

MuPskov zvokuwedzera vatongi kufunga nyaya mubayiro, chikwereti, nhaka, kutenga, uyewo nyika uridzi. In iyi, aiva muchinda.

Episcopal mumiriri anonzwa nyaya vafundisi uye vaya vaiva muChechi Office. Kubva venyika kwokufananidzira pamusoro payo paiva maviri mupurisa, anodomwa neMutungamiriri Company. Litigation nekereke venyika vanhu vakanzwisisa Episcopal mumiriri uye muruwa vatongi.

With bratchiny dare kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye nyaya yomuka muna Bratchina mutambo. Court akanga apedza akasarudzwa muchinda mabiko nevatongi maererano zvavo tsika. Asarudza kuteerera avo vakaguta chete, nepo vamwe vaigona kufamba kudare neimwewo dare.

Pakutongwa Chamber, sarudzo zvose vanobviswa chete ungano yose. Muchinda uye gavhuna asingatenderwi. Zvisinei, mune gwaro haritauri kuti zvinhu mhando zvaakaona. Ungangove, ivo nezvezvinetso chokuita guta rose uyewo avo kuti asingagoni kugadziriswa nedzimwe nzira.

Pasinei nokuti muPskov Pakutonga Charter yasvika mazuva edu, kwete zvachose, asi pamwe Makwanza guru, kuchiri anoshumira rakasiyana rine kwete chete pamutemo dzemunharaunda nguva yake, asiwo muupenyu zvikamu zvizhinji vokuparidzira, anotaurwa gwaro.