Kubereka - chii ichi? Ndedzipi nzira uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo?

Mumwe kunzwisisa zvikuru, inoshamisa uye chinofadza kwemasayendisiti zvakasikwa - ndiko chokuwanziridza. Zvakakosha zvikuru, uye nokuti inotsigira upenyu zvachose zvose zvipenyu panyika. Kutanga ongorora muudzame chii. Kubereka - ndiwo mano zvose zvipenyu kubereka zvinenge zvakadaro pachavo. Pasina kugona ichi, hapana mupenyu mumiririri zvisikwa vasingagoni kugara panyika.

rutoto Nzira

Zvino funga mhando dzose kubereka, ivo vaviri chete. Vakasiyana yekudyidzana kubva mumwe, asi dzimwe nguva zvikuru kusakosha zvinhu zvishoma, unogona kuona kufanana.

asexual kubereka

Kubereka kuti zvinenge akadai majemusi, notumwe, mabhakitiriya, coelenterates, algae, sechipanji, tunicates, bryozoans uye vascular miti inonzi asexual.

Nyore chimiro kubereka zvinogona kunzi wanda. In iyi, zvinoita basa rinokosha nucleic acids, uyewo mano mamorekuru kuzvinzwira doubling. Mumwe anobva rehydrogen zvisungo kusimba pakati nucleotides.

Pane dzimwe nzira asexual kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu - vegetative uye spore inotungamirwa yakafanira.

Chokutanga, funga vegetative. kubereka kwakadaro - ndiko kukura itsva muviri kubva chikamu, iyo anosiiwa mai. A nzira yakafanana iri nokuwedzera vanhu unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, asi chinoratidza pacharo nenzira dzakasiyana.

Kana vegetative kupararira weboka muviri wavo hunotanga mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda kupinda yakaenzana mativi, ipapo pairi pane muviri mupenyu. Saizvozvowo, vakawanda vaitsigira flatworms nemerteans, sechipanji, hydras, uye nezvimwe zvisikwa zvakawanda. Asi pane chinhu chakadai polyembryony mhuka. Panguva iyi, embryo panguva imwe nguva vari muzvikamu kuti vari dzakwidzwa yakatanga kuva yoga muviri. Izvozvo wokuberekana kuchengetwa armadillos. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chete bereka zvepabonde.

Vegetative kubereka vana unicellular ane dzakawanda - yotunga, kupesana uye vakawanda kupesana.

Multiple nokupesana inonzi schizogony, muchiitiko ichi, yakakamukana chinoumba uye zvino akochonorwa cytoplasm kunze.

Zvichiitika nyore nokupesana mitotic fission sitiroko apo the warp kunoitika zvakawanda cytoplasm.

Zvino tinosvika asexual yotunga. kubereka kwakadaro - ndiko chidzoke masero anokosha kana spores ane core. Vane gobvu ganda uye refu zvakakwana anogona kurarama kupfuura rwakashata mamiriro ezvinhu. Zviri zvakare kushanda guru kugarwa kwavo ramangwana. mhando iyi kubereka hunhu mosses, notumwe tupukanana algae, mabhakitiriya uye ferns. Pane mukana paumbwe zoospores zvimwe zvakasvibirira algae masero.

Animal kubereka sporulation anogona kuwanikwa nemarariya plasmodium uye Sporozoa.

Utachiona zhinji unogona zvinobatana asexual kubereka kuti kurara.

syngenesis

Sexual kubereka - kupfuura kunzwisisa muitiro, uye akazara kuerera zvinoda vanhu vaviri, vanhurume. Nokufamba ake kuvabereki mashoko ari vakatsinhanisa nomukombiyuta gametes (ichi utachiona masero). Izvi zvinonzi gametogenesis.

In iyiwo, pane mapoka akawanda: kuroorwa-celled Utachiona batanidzo uye nembeu masero zvakadai dzisingaoneki uye mazai. In iyi, pane mashoko zygote, umo muviri mutsva aumbwa. Kamwe nayo kunosvika kukura, anotanga kutamba ari oga gametes dzavo.

Kune mhando dzakawanda zvepabonde kubereka, iyo inosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana masero, uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo.

Forms uye mhando maberekero

Unofanira kufunga muudzame mumwe muitiro yoga, sezvo vose vane zvigadziko siyana uye kuerera.

About gametogenesis ambotaurwa, saka isu hatingazvirumbidzi kudzokorora.

Isogamy uye anisogamy

In izvi mhando mbiri masero vachitora chikamu vaviri, asi isogamy rinoreva zvakafanana yesero chidziro, asi akabva vabereki siyana. Anisogamy anovaka pamusoro siyana utachiona masero - uye microgamete macrogametes, izvo dzinosiyana kukura.

Zai uye dzisingaoneki

Saka akadana mukono nehadzi utachiona masero. Ivo akaumba mune sikarudzi akakodzera vanhu.

Zai ine Halide okutodza uye haagoni kugoverana yako.

Dzisingaoneki masero ndiwo makamuri zvishoma duku hadzi. Vane zvinoshamisa yakarongeka, izvo zvinoitawo kuti kushingaira kufamba. Kuvapo mamwe makemikari ari axoplasm zvinopa kuti cleavage zviri ovum kupinda parusvingo uye mberi muchangosangana. Mumwe gamete rine chikamu majini mashoko nevabereki uye kupfuudza kuvana ramangwana.

parthenogenesis Opsioneel

kubereka kwakadaro - haisi chaiwo zvepabonde kwacho. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuchinja kwese uye atypical kubereka. The hadzi hwapedyo kubva mazai nourume, uye varume - kubva unfertilized. Saka pane kuwedzera nyuchi vemo.

Panewo dzimwe akasiyana parthenogenesis, kureva dzose uye cyclical. Muchiitiko chokutanga, mwana kuva kubva mazai, havasi pasi muchangosangana. Izvi zvinogona kuitika mune vanhu vakadaro, vabereki vane vadyidzani kuti kubereka havagoni kusangana.

Kana cyclic parthenogenesis kutamba basa kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu chinokosha. Under nawo kune alternation pamusoro hwokufananidzira maberekero pamwe parthenogenesis.

All mashoko ari chete chikamu chiduku rondedzero kupfuura chinoshamisa uye asinganzwisisiki muitiro pasi - ruminant. Pamusana kwaari, iye zvino zvose zvipenyu uye zvirimwa. Kana chete kwekanguva kufunga sei zvose izvi nokungwarira, nokuchenjera uye uchifungisisa kurongwa, zvinokwanisika kuziva simba zvakasikwa zvose. Pachiyero mamorekuru uye okutodza pane zvinhu zvinoshamisa kuti vanhuwo murume rakaoma kunzwisisa.