Sarufa (Lat nesarufa.) - nonmetal maatomu akafanana. Makemikari chiratidzo S, ari Serial nhamba iri periodic table - 16 Valence sarufa wakaiswa pamberi kudzidza maumbirwo atomu. kukosha kwayo Akatsunga kwakavakirwa ehupfumi chinotsiva, kukwezva kana batanidza zvinoverengeka mamwe maatomu kana mapoka. Gare gare, vaongorori vakawana basa isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu (maerekitironi) iri zvinoitirwawo makemikari chisungo.
Valence rwesarufa: iyo chaiyo maatomu sei kukosha kwayo?
Inonyanya makemikari chinhu Panyika ari rechi16 nzvimbo. It kumbowanikwa muchimiro inobwinya yero crystals kana upfu mune matombo pedyo tichishingaira uye basa anoputika. Akanakisisa anozivikanwa dzinongoitika yeimwe - sulphides uye sulphates.
Zvinoumba zvinhu uye zvinhu:
- nonmetal Strong.
- By electronegativity (eo) kana kukwanisa kukwezva maerekitironi sarufa goho chete fluorine, okisijeni, senitrogen, kuiisa chlorine uye bromine.
- It zvaanoita pamwe simbi uye nonmetals, nyore uye kunzwisisa yeimwe.
The kusiyana ehupfumi kuvimba marongerwo uye mamiriro atomu, musiyano iri tsika eo. Ngationei kuti chii chingava ari Valence rwesarufa yeimwe. makemikari maitiro avo vanovimba sechivako simba mahamvuropu, nhamba uye urongwa rokunze maerekitironi iri atomu.
Sei valency yakasiyana?
Akatsiga isotopes vari dzinongoitika nesurferi pamwe vakawanda Nhamba 32 (Inonyanya), 33, 34 uye 36. Mumwe nomumwe izvi atomu nuclides 16 rine chokwadi mhosva protons. Munguva nzvimbo pedyo musimboti kufamba chaizvo kumhanya 16 maerekitironi. Vari zvikuru diki, okusafarira mhosva. Havanyanyi kukwezvwa musimboti (looser) 6 kwokunze inoramba. Vanoverengeka kana vose vari munyaya paumbwe mhando dzakasiyana kwemakemikari chisungo. Maererano Pfungwa ano Valence rwesarufa kunotemwa maererano nokuwanda vakasikwa zvakajairika (chokuedza) Erekitironi yezvinoita. Kazhinji mienzaniso kwokunze nezvimedu pokuita muitiro, hunomiririrwa pfungwa kumativi makemikari chiratidzo.
Somunhu Valence kunoenderana nemamiriro atomu?
With sechivako anogona kuratidza nhanho uye sublevels (s, peji, d) kushandisa simba dhayagiramu iro Valence rwesarufa kunobva payakavakirwa. Two Miseve oppositely rinotungamirirwa dzinofananidzira aiwanzopiwa wokushanda, mumwe - unpaired maerekitironi. Pano nzvimbo sarufa atomu orbitals chimiro nezvimedu 6 uye 8 Zvakakodzera kuti kutsiga octet utongi. Valence goko configuration kunoratidza fomura 3s23p4. Maerekitironi konekwa rukoko vane guru kuchengeterwa simba, iyo hunokonzera kusagadzikana mamiriro atomu. Kuti tidzikamiswe pamusoro sarufa atomu kunoda maviri zvimwe zvisingafadzi inoramba. Vanogona kuwanikwa panguva paumbwe covalent zvisungo nevamwe zvinhu kana nokuda Absorção de Água vaviri vakasununguka maerekitironi. Muchiitiko chino, sarufa chinhu Valence II (-). The chete ukoshi kunogona kuwanikwa vachishandisa nzira: 8 - 2 = 6, apo 6 - ndiro boka nhamba umo maatomu akafanana.
Apo pane yeimwe umo Valence rwesarufa ndiyo II (-)?
Eremendi Kunokwezva kana zvachose anotora maerekitironi kubva maatomu ane yakaderera electronegativity ukoshi maererano Pauling akamboona. Valency II (-) kunoratidzwa sulfides chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye nonmetals. Zvakadzama boka yeimwe yakadaro inowanikwa murwiyo nematombo uye zvicherwa zviri zvikuru inoshanda kukosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira pyrite (Fes), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PbS), uye zvimwe zvinhu. simbi sulfide crystals watenga kusviba ruvara uye kubwinya. "Webenzi Gold" chicherwa pyrite anowanzodanwa. For simbi kubva ores avo akatakura calcining kana zvinoderedza. Rehydrogen sulfide H2S ane chete zvemagetsi zvivako, zvakadai semvura. Mabviro H2S:
- anosunungurwa panguva kuora kwemapurotini (semuenzaniso, huku mazai);
- It rinoputika pamwe kuputika magasi;
- Zviri rinoungana dzinongoitika mumvura, mafuta;
- akasunungura kupinda voids panyika nechepasi.
Nei nzira valent sarufa oxide SO2?
Formula yakasviba kunoratidza kuti munhu sarufa atomu mune morekuru waakaita maviri okisijeni maatomu, mumwe nomumwe zvinofanira 2 Erekitironi octet. The zvichiguma chisungo iri pachisikirwo ane polar covalent (eo kupfuura okisijeni). The Valence of nesarufa mukomboni ino ine ukoshi IV (+), nokuti sarufa atomu Erekitironi 4 vari misha kurutivi maviri okisijeni maatomu. The yemaitiro anogona kunyorwa se: S2O4, asi maererano nemitemo zvinofanira kuderedzwa 2. yakasviba kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura siyana sulfurous asidhi ions simba. munyu Its - sulphites - simba yokuderedza nevamiririri. SO2 gasi chinhu zvenguva dziri kugadzirwa sulfuric acid.
Ndezvipi zvinhu sarufa rinoratidza soro Valencia yaro?
Oxide kana SO3 S2O6 - Hauoneki mvura pa kutonhora pazasi 17 ° C, ichioma. In mukomboni pamusoro SO3 ndiye Valence reokisijeni II (-), uye VI (+) nesarufa. Higher oxide urwa mumvura nokuumba yakasimba dibasic sulfuric acid. Nokuti guru basa pakuburitswa kwacho ane fuma inonzi "chingwa makemikari indasitiri." Basa rinokosha upfumi uye mushonga runobva asidhi munyu - sulphates. Shandisa hydrated karusiyamu (gypsum), yavaibvisa (Glauber kuti munyu), magnesium (Chirungu kana shungu munyu).
Paumbwe marudzi kwemakemikari chokuedza tinogona kubatanidzwa 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, dzokunze maerekitironi. Tinoti zvichibvira Valence sarufa, wakapiwa kuti pane mashoma uye kusagadzikana remubatanidzwa: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A yechipiri akanaka Valence chaikosha anowana monoxide SO. The inonyanya kukosha II (-), IV (+), VI (+) inoratidza nesarufa Kuronga boka zvinhu vane maindasitiri, zvokurima uye zvokurapa kukosha. yeimwe ayo anoshandiswa mune zvaAtemisi hwemoto.
Dambudziko guru ndiro kubatwa tsvina magasi, kusanganisira inokuvadza vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza rwesarufa oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) uye rehydrogen sulfide. Rinogadzwa michina nokuti kubudiswa izvi tsvina magasi uye kuwana kubva sulfuric asidhi sulfates. Kuti izvi zvidaro, zvemakemikari zvirimwa chakavakwa pedyo simbi zvigayo kana munzvimbo iyoyo. Somugumisiro, uwandu pakusvibiswa ipfupi, pane zvishoma "sulfuric nemvura inonaya iine acid."