Chii tariqat muna Islam?

Islam ndiye sangano rechitendero kuti anofarira zvinenge yose. Zvinosuruvarisa chaizvo kakawanda rinoshandiswa zvinangwa zvavo tsvina kuburikidza magandanga uye matsotsi kupembedza mashoko uye mashoko Allah vakawanda kuurayiwa. Saka, munguva yedu rinokosha saka kunzwisisa chii chaizvoizvo zviri Islam yayo nenhungirwa. ruzivo urwu anogona kuponesa mweya yakawanda kutyaira maitiro uye miedzo. Zvakaoma kunyengedza mumwe ane mwoyo nemhaka kuda Allah zano. Kuti kuva pedyo Wemasimbaose kubatsira siyana tsika zvomudzimu, kupfuura inozivikanwa vavo tariqats. In nyaya yedu isu achakuudza zvaunofanira tariqat uye sei akasimuka. Uyewo hunonyatsodonongodza munzira chiedza chomudzimu, mune North eCaucasus.

General unhu tariqat

Vanhu vakawanda havana pakarepo dziripo kunzwisisa chii tariqat. Shure kwaizvozvo izwi rine refu uye akapfuma nhoroondo, izvo zvinosanganisira zviitiko zvizhinji dzakachinja upenyu yose Muslim vomunharaunda.

Hazvibviri ukamure pfungwa dzakadai se "Sharia" uye "tariqa". Pakutanga vakanga takangofanana, nokuti Shari'a rine mitemo uye mitemo inodzora zvose upenyu vakatendeka. Pamusana Muslim ichi kunogona nguva yose ivepo, kurarama maererano pachake uye Mwari. Anofunga, anoshanda, anodya uye anoita zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda sezvo dzinofadza Allah. Asi kwete zvakakwana kuita zvimwe mitemo, zvakakodzera ose wechipiri mupfungwa kunzwa ukama hwavo naMwari, uye anogona kubatsira Tariqa ichi.

Kana Sharia ndiyo nheyo vaMuslim muvanhu, tariqat - mubatanidzwa ruzivo uye tsika zvainanga yokuchenesa mweya. Pashure pezvose, nzira bedzi kuunza kuzviranga wako Allah.

Chii Tariqa: izwi

Kana isu kushandura shoko iri kubva Arabic kusvikira Russian, ipapo wepedyo machisi chichange kuridzwa se "nzira." Ndiye anotungamirira murume kuchenesa kubva zvose zvenyika zvose uye anopa Zvaifadza kunzwa mufaro uye kuwirirana kwezvinhu rapprochement nowaMasimbaose.

Nyanzvi Islamic nharo kuti hapana chinhu ino haafaniri kumanikidzwa kubva kufunga kwomunhu musoro pamusoro Allah. A Muslim anogona kutora dzakasiyana zvinhu maoko, asi musoro wake uye mwoyo vanofanira nguva dzose muzadzwe pfungwa uye manzwiro imwe mhando. Nyanzvi dzakawanda kuyeuchidza vakatendeka kuti pane zvishoma kunyengetera maererano nemirau - munyengetero unofanira kugara zvepachokwadi uye pasina nepanomboratidza zvinhu zvenyika uye matambudziko.

Chokwadi, hazvisi nyore uye haisi kuwanikwa kumutendi wose, asi tariqat kukwanisa kupedza muMuslim kuburikidza kunzwisisa nzira wokunatswa mweya uye mwoyo. Munhu anotora mugwagwa uyu, kurasa pfungwa dzakaipa, kukodzera zviito uye kudzoreka manzwiro. Vanhu tariqat yeuka ose wechipiri Allah, uye ari yavo. Ndicho chinangwa mukuru mutendi, kuti vaMuslim ose vanofanira kuedza.

chiitiko tariqat

Yanhasi zvinoreva izwi haina pakarepo Rakasimbisa. Kana ukaedza uzive chii tariqat, ari IX remakore, zvingadai akazviratidza pamberi penyu akasiyana chaizvo zvinorehwa ichi yakaoma yechitendero izwi.

Pakutanga tarekat vakatanga kutevera Sufi munharaunda. Vakanga akataura esoteric nenhungirwa rechiIslam, izvo vakaparidza kurega, kunakidzwa uye dzidzo yomudzimu ndichipfeka kubvisa zvishuvo zvenyika. ano Islamic Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti Sufism somunhu mhando uzivi wechiMuzirimu, iro rine chakakomba kukanganisa nokunzwisisa uye zvinoreva Islam.

Zvikurukuru zvakajairika tariqahs simbi IX-X emakore. Sufis vachinge vafamba padenga nzira zvokunamata nokuzvidzora yakawanikwa uye kuwana chokwadi, rwakazokura seshanduro Tariqa. nzira iyi pamwe chine tsika uye kurovedza zvomudzimu, izvo zvakaita kuti kunatsa uye vasimbise mweya. The mukuru budiriro mafaro kwainzi haqiqati - vazive huMwari yose kuonekwa. Sufis vaiva nechivimbo kuti aigona kunzwisisa anoshanda chete nzira uye kunakidzwa.

budiriro tariqat

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechimakumi maviri pfungwa tariqat akatanga kuchinja. Izvi imhaka paumbwe munharaunda dzakawanda uye nzanga umo chikuru kukosha vawana tandem "mudzidzisi - mudzidzi". Last - mureed - aifanira kuteerera tenzi wake zvachose, nokuti ndiye chete anokwanisa kupedza pamusoro akaoma nzira yokuzvinatsa. Nokufamba kwenguva, nharaunda idzi dzakaumbwa munyika vaMuslim, uye kukosha vawana tariqats chikoro, izvo zvinogona yakadzidziswa kupfuura chinoziva murshids (vadzidzisi).

Kusvika XIII remakore tariqat kuoma, iye anowana mitemo yakasiyana uye zvinoitwa. Murid zvaifanira chokugutsikana, uye nguva yose upenyu hwake pasi pakuomerera kuzvidzora uye kunyatsoteerera mitemo. Mumwe nomumwe tarikats vaigona kuva zvavo zvomudzimu netsika, unyanzvi uye kurovedza. Sufism zvishoma nezvishoma vakarega kuva mamiriro akasarudzwa dzidziso uye akabatana vakawanda. Kwavakanga vatapwako vaMuslim vazhinji, nokutora nzira ruzivo rwechokwadi.

Tariqats muna XIII-XV emakore

Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru wechikoro kuzonzi yakajeka hierarchical marongerwo uye sangano gadziriro chaidzo. Around ari XIII remakore vakatanga kuchinja kuva Fraternity apo kuranga rakakunda uye vaishandisa chakavanzika nemiitiro. Kazhinji Fraternity chitsauko chimwe vakava avhenekerwa, uye dzimwe nhengo dzose munharaunda vaionekwa nevateveri vake uye navadzidzi. Musiyano kuchikosha kubva hama muzvikoro Tariqa vaiva chaizvoizvo zvakajeka sangano uye mumwe vanochengeta nzira. Kana yapfuura kuti tijekerwe vaMuslim vaishandisa zvakawanda tsika, kwakasarudzwa kutevera nzira wakatobatsira vakapfuura mukuru chipangamazano iri Fraternity. Wakatangwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chevatatu fanira. unyanzvi Most vane usingaonekwi uye nokungwarira vakachengetedzwa kubva yokunzvera maziso.

K XV remakore Fraternity hurongwa pakupedzisira inova chete nzira Tariqah kushandisa muna Islam. Zvinofadza kuti Muslim ose anofanira kutora tariqat, pashure peizvi zvose, maererano Islamic nyanzvi, murume anoda kubva Allah. Nokufamba kwenguva, vakakanganwa hurongwa "mudzidzisi - mudzidzi", kuti chikatsiviwa tandem anouya "mutsvene - Asava mutendi mutsva." Mumwe wendarama Fraternity pakukwana mutsvene uye ane simba risina parinogumira ari Fraternity. Sezvinoratidzwa nezvave dzakaratidza, youduku ichi chainyanya zvinogamuchirika. Zvechokwadi, vakawanda nehama havana kukwanisa kurarama nokuda kushaya munhu akanyatsorongwa zvakajeka uye kushandiswa siyana nzira akakweretwa nevamwe munharaunda.

XV remakore: yakachinja munhoroondo tarikats

K XV remakore Fraternity pakupedzisira kuva chete musimboti jekeso nzira. Munyika vechimoziremu akatora chimiro gumi huru fraternities angakonzera munhu pakunamata kucheneswa. Gare gare, ivo vakawedzera mamwe munharaunda mana. Ivo vose vava pokutangira paumbwe mapazi akasiyana. Over nguva vakava akazvimirira tariqat uye vakawana.

Mumwe nomumwe tarikats vaiva nenzvimbo kuparadzirwa yavo uye simba. Kazhinji munzvimbo iyoyo ingavapo murunyararo fraternities akawanda. Sezvineiwo, kuti mamiriro avo yagara zvakafanana. A musiyano iri unyanzvi uye dhikr, ndiro munyengetero chaiyo, yakaitwa munamato zvakakwana.

Zvinoitwa fraternities

Pakazosvika XVII tariqats remakore vawana chaizvo mamiriro yakajeka, maererano izvo ruzivo kuteerera chete muvambi hama, asi kuti mukuru zvakadini dzomunyika mitemo uye purogiramu. Vari revane munzira inoenda yokunatsa pakunamata uye kuvhenekerwa.

The chikuru zvechadenga vemunharaunda vangafungidzira zvinotevera:

• isiyo pasi muvambi nehama;
• mumwe akanyatsorongwa yakajeka;
• Vateveri vakanga rakakamurwa akazvitsaurira uye nyore;
• kudzidziswa tsika;
• tariqat ane gadziriro kurovedza, tsika uye unyanzvi, asi Implementation iyo hunodzorwa bumbiro iri Fraternity;
• chinokosha kunamatwa kunamata vatsvene makuva;
• dhikr Kupira chinobatanidza zvose nhengo nehama.

kupatsanura tarikats

Tariqats rakakamurwa Shiite uye Sunni, asi vamwe pane kuti, vari mapoka mapoka matatu:

• Ayar. tariqat ichi tsika yokuzvinatsa pakunamata kuburikidza dzakawanda okuwedzera munamato. Munyengetero Zviri makumi mashanu kanomwe pazuva uye vanofanira kuva nechokwadi kuti kugumisa seboka dhikr.
• Abrar. Ichi boka tarikats anovarwira rucheno muukama uye kucheneswa zvose nhengo dzayo pakunamata.
• Shuttar. Munzvimbo idzi vaiita yemaitiro okufungisisa zvomudzimu, chinangwa chiri kuita ezvinhu nemachechi kufarisisa.

Tatotaura pamusoro chokuti vazhinji fraternities vane nzvimbo yavo pachavo apo kushandiswa uye vakanakidzwa chaizvo muupenyu. Muudzame, takasarudza kufunga Naqshbandi - tariqat, izvo kwakajairika chaizvo muBosnia, muChechnya. Chokwadi, hakusi oga, asi achiri pano vateveri vakawanda.

Naqshbandi Tariqa: nhoroondo yokusika

Pachivanhu zvinonzi vaidavira kuti hama iyi yakatanga kusvika pakati XIV remakore. Its muvambi aiva Bahauddin Naqshbandi, iyo pamwe akakwereta dzimwe tsika yomudzimu tariqat Yasawa, unobva navo nevamwe tiwane nedzidziso Sufi nyanzvi. Zvakaguma inokosha chaizvo zviri kuitika izvo zvakapararira nokukurumidza Turkey, Central Asia uye nharaunda ano North eCaucasus.

Kubva achiri muduku, Bahauddin akarerwa mweya Sufism, saka ainyatsoziva ose nezvehukorokodzwa dzayo. Naqshbandi Tariqa kwaibva mazano akawanda kuti vateveri mukanyatsochengeta zvinotevedzera. Sezvineiwo, cheni ndarama Naqshbandi tariqa (dzinza) anodzokera chaiye Muporofita Muhammad uye une mapazi maviri.

Principles uye kunyatsogona tariqat

Zvikurukuru vateveri vose Naqshbandi vanoita anyerere dhikr, kureva munyengetero hunonzi chinyararire. Muvambi tariqat akafunga dzokushamisira uMwari hakuiti hunokwanisa mugumisiro, uye kukwanisa pfungwa kuna Mwari pasina mashoko - chomugwagwa wechokwadi wokunatswa mweya.

Bahauddin pachake akaumba zviga matatu Fraternity yake yokutanga, mutsivi wake akawedzera kwavari, uye vakauya neumwe:

• uchikoshesa nguva yose nguva uye kuzogara kushandiswa;
• dhikr unhu;
• ari vakaomerwa wevasungwa nokuda dhikr;
• kunzwisisa Allah kuti napedyo;
• haana kutarisa wakarambidzwa uye kudzivisa muedzo;
• zvishoma nezvishoma Kupfururira munzanga panguva rinounza kuna Allah;
• kukwanisa kuva pakati vanhu oga Mwari;
• anotaura Allah chete nomwoyo;
• munamato inofanira kutaurwa chete nepfungwa Supreme;
• ichivharira kunze komutemo manzwiro uye manzwiro;
• kuramba tsika dzokunamata.

Mitemo aya vakatevera nanhasi kuchinja.

MuBosnia, muChechnya: peculiarities ose tariqat

Kana Islamic nyanzvi vanoti pamusoro muvanhu Chechen vaMuslim, imwe pfungwa anonzi "Vainakh voruzhinji" mubatanidzwa dzakawanda madzinza uye munharaunda.

Ndianiko pakati Vainakh awliya kutanga dzakagoverwa Tariqa Naqshbandi muBosnia, muChechnya, zvinozivikanwa. Uyewo mazita avo vakashumira kupararira Islam vakatendeka idzi. Kazhinji, madzishe uye varume vatsvene akapinda yezvematongetwo panguva apo remangwana rwacho rakanga munjodzi. Chokutanga akauya dzidziso Naqshbandi muBosnia, muChechnya akanga Sheikh Mansour, anobva mumhuri yevanhuwo zvavo, vaigara mumusha gomo. Pakutanga unoonekwa somunhu rusununguko murwi, uye chete ndayeuka dhigirii ake zvechitendero pamberi pavanhu muBosnia, muChechnya.

Tariqat panguva ino haisati raumbwa uye kunyange pashure nokuumbwa iine chaiyo zvinhu pachavo kuri mumashoko chaiyo nharaunda iyi. Somuenzaniso, nhengo munharaunda kupa hadzikoshi kuna kumakuva yavatsvene. Havachatsvaki vanonamata mufananidzo chaiwo ayo muvambi, pane nzvimbo yake yokuviga. Tariqa Naqshbandi muBosnia, muChechnya ari kunyanya Sufism, izvo achinyanya unoratidza unhu nebudiriro pachavo nemadzishe, uye mubvunzo yokugara ichitova chiduku kuti nhengo dzose munharaunda.

Mubvunzo tarikats zvikuru-chinja, asi isu akaedza kutsanangura sokungonwira uye zvakajeka. The chikuru ndechokuti mutendi wose anofanira kunzwisisa - ndiko kuti nzira kuvhenekerwa uye kucheneswa chikuru chinangwa uye mubayiro muMuslim.