Chii chemosynthesis? Chii zvakafanana yayo photosynthesis?

Munyaya ino tichakurukura chii chiri kuitika zvinenge chemosynthesis. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira simba zvipenyu kuti kuitika nomuzvarirwo mune zvimwe utachiona.

Nzira zvipenyu chikafu

Kuti tinzwisise chii chemosynthesis, unofanira kutanga kuyeuka chii zvokudya zvinoreva kushandisa zvinenge zvakasiyana. On hwaro ichi musiyano mapoka maviri zvisikwa: hetero uye autotrophs. Wekutanga vanokwanisa kudya Organic zvinhu chete wakagadzirira. Mapuroteni, kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi vari kunyura uye kutendeutswa kushandiswa kana vacuoles ari zvomudumbu hurongwa. Imhuka heterotrophic, notumwe tupukanana mamwe mabhakitiriya.

marudzi autotrophs

Autotrophic zvinenge pachavo synthesized Organic zvinhu izvo mberi kushandiswa kuita zvakasiyana-siyana maitiro upenyu. Zvichienderana pamusoro simba panobva kuti rinoshandiswa iyi, vachiri kusiyanisa mapoka maviri zvipenyu. Mufananidzo uyu uye chemotroph. Vamiririri wokutanga vavo zvinomera. Ivo synthesize makabhohaidhiretsi kupinda shuga panguva photosynthesis. Izvi rinowanikwa chete chloroplasts plastids yakasvibirira pamberi chezuva, mvura uye carbon dioxide. Chemotroph mamwe mabhakitiriya. Nokuti kwetunhu makemikari nyaya zvavanoda dzakasiyana-siyana makemikari, zvavakanga oxidize. Zvakafanana chemosynthesis photosynthesis uye kukwanisa kuumba kuzvidzora zvinenge vanoda zvinhu kubva kwezvakatipoteredza kubereka kabhoni, mvura uye zvicherwa munyu.

Chemosynthesis: tsananguro uye nhoroondo yakawanikwa

Ngatitarisei zvizere. Chii chemosynthesis? Iyi ndiyo nzira imwe autotrophic simba panguva iyo oxidation kuti chicherwa yeimwe kuti makemikari kwetunhu. Zvino tinoona mune zvinenge zvaitika chemosynthesis. rakasiyana nemano iyi sezvingatarisirwa nhaka chete mamwe marudzi prokaryotes. Izvi hwakasimbiswa mukupera Russian microbiologist remakore rechi19 Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii. Kushanda muStrasbourg murabhoritari Antona De Bary, akaziva ruzivo mune simba chizvarwa nokuda oxidation rwesarufa. Zvipenyu zviri kuita ichi makemikari muitiro, akadana anorgoksidantami. Panguva yavo yokudzidza, vatsvakurudzi akakwanisa kuona uye senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona. Pamberi kuwanikwa chemosynthetic autotrophic kwacho kune muviri photosynthetic chete zvinomera uye cyanobacteria.

Kusawirirana uye zvakafanana pakati photosynthesis uye chemosynthesis

Vose Mhando zvokudya autotrophic mapurasitiki muviri, kana kuitwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukufamba azvaiitwa ndiyo paumbwe Organic zvinhu uye gasi exchange. Saka kutanga reagents vari chicherwa akakura. Kamera & chemosynthesis muri nzira riparadzirwe zvinhu zviri biosphere. Ose autotrophs zvinopa anodiwa ezvinhu upenyu kwete pachavo chete asiwo dzimwe zvinenge. Somuenzaniso, okisijeni iri rakavapo panguva photosynthesis. Zvakakosha kuti zvose zvipenyu zvinhu kufema. A chemotrophic nitrifying bacteria exchange mumhepo senitrogen kuva mamiriro apo rinogona nyura miti.

Asi pakati kwemarudzi izvi zvokudya, pane vakawanda kusiyana. Chemosynthesis kunoitika mumasero kwemabhakitiriya zvisingakwanisi ane mutema ruvara chlorophyll. Uyezve, vari kushandiswa nokuda oxidation munhu remubatanidzwa wenyika chete zvimwe zvinhu: sarufa, senitrogen, rehydrogen kana simbi. Kunyanya kukosha nzira iyi achidya munzvimbo idzodzo, apo chiedza chezuva haasi kuwanika. Saka, panguva huru pakadzika vanogona kurarama chete chemotroph. Nokuti nedanho photosynthesis inotodiwa rezuva simba. Uyezve, mune miti, izvi kunoitika chete mumasero kushandiswa ane mutema ruvara chlorophyll. Chimwe chinodiwa ndechokuti Kuwanikwa phototrophic dziripo carbon dioxide.

simbi utachiona

Ndezvipi chemosynthesis, tinogona kufunga muenzaniso kwemabhakitiriya kuti exchange simbi akakura. Yawanika uyewo ndezvaiye S. N. Vinogradskomu. Zvakasikwa, vari rinoparadzirwa munzvimbo yakachena uye munyu nemvura. Musimboti chemosynthetic yavo kuchinja Valence redare maviri navatatu. Izvi anosunungura shoma simba. Naizvozvo, mabhakitiriya simbi zvakakodzera kuti tiite izvi zvikuru kwazvo.

Sezvo utachiona vari pakati zvinenge kupfuura kare, somugumisiro upenyu hwavo panyika vakaumba makuru deposits zvesimbi manganese ores. In indasitiri prokaryotes mashoko anoshandiswa kugadzira emhangura wakachena.

sarufa utachiona

prokaryotes izvi akaderedza sarufa akakura. On pakudzidza zvipenyu izvi, chirongwa chemosynthesis yakavhurwa. Nokuti ichi mhando oxidation utachiona kushandisa rehydrogen sulfide, sulfides, sulfates, polythionates uye zvimwe zvinhu. Vamwe prokaryotes boka iri panguva chemosynthesis kuunganidza zvokuvamba nesarufa. Izvi zvinogona kuitika zvose masero uye mberi. Mano aya rinoshandiswa kugadzirisa dambudziko mamwe aeration uye acidification pamusoro nevhu.

Natural ezvinhu dzinogarisana sarufa utachiona vari inonaka uye wakawanda mvura. Akazivisa Muzviitiko paumbwe izvi zvipenyu symbioses pamwe chubhu nehonye uye mollusks vanorarama zviri sludge, uye pasi wenyika.

Nitrogen-kugadzira utachiona

Kukosha chemosynthesis zvakasikwa uye dzinongoita pakutsvaga basa senitrogen-kugadzira prokaryotes. Vazhinji vavo vanogara pamusoro midzi bhinzi uye zviyo. sokubika mapoto wavo vashanduri kunobatsira. Plants zvinopa makabhohaidhiretsi prokaryotes vakanga synthesized panguva photosynthesis. Uye utachiona zvibereko senitrogen zvinodiwa kusimudzira zvakakwana midzi.

Asati yawanikwa zvivako zviri repfungwa mhando ichi kuti vane rakasiyana anokwanisa bhinzi mashizha. Pava paya yakabuda kuti zvinomera zvisina avepo nedanho senitrogen Kuda kutamba, mumwe muitiro rinoitwa utachiona kuti vanogara nemidzi yavo.

mhando iyi prokaryotes zvinopa marudzi maviri nemakemikari. Somugumisiro, kutendeuka wokutanga kunoitika amoniya kune nitrates. Solutions ava zvinhu kupinda chirimwa kubudikidza midzi. utachiona yakadaro inonzi nitrifying. Rimwe boka prokaryotes akadaro vatendeuki nitrate kuti senitrogen gasi. Dzinonzi denitrifying utachiona. Somugumisiro dzavo seboka basa iri kuramba kutenderera iyi makemikari maatomu akafanana zvakasikwa.

Nitrogen-kugadzirira utachiona nemidzi miti kupinda mumba zvinokuvadza nzvimbo kana kuburikidza raifukidzira zvinyama vhudzi kubvisa mapazi. Kamwe mukati, kuti prokaryotic masero vanotanga vachishingaira mugove, zvichiguma nokuumbwa dzakawanda miganhu. Ndivo zvinoonekwa kuti kupfeka ziso. Murume anoshandisa zvinhu senitrogen-kugadzirira bacteria kupa dzinongoitika ivhu nitrates, zvinoita kuti vawedzere yauinayo.

Nature uye chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis basa zvakasikwa rakaoma kuona. The oxidation pamusoro inorganic yeimwe zvakasikwa ndiyo chikamu chinokosha mukuru riparadzirwe zvinhu zviri biosphere. Chemotroph hama rusununguko kubva simba chezuva kunoita kwavari chete nevagari yakadzika-yomugungwa nembiya uye vagadzirisane zvikamu.

Amoniya uye rehydrogen sulfide vari kupatsanurwa date prokaryotes vari chepfu yakaipisisa. Muchiitiko ichi chemosynthesis mutengo kuti neutralize yeimwe izvi. Zvesayenzi izwi zvakadai Unonzi "mab pachivande '. Zvinonzi akaumba chete zvinenge kuti upenyu hakudi kana chiedza kana oxygen. Izvi rakasiyana pfuma makagarwa nemweya anaerobic utachiona.

Saka, munyaya, isu afunga chii chemosynthesis. Musimboti izvi iri oxidation pamusoro inorganic yeimwe. Chemosynthetic zvinenge dzimwe mhando prokaryotes: sarufa, mabhakitiriya simbi uye senitrogen-kutara.