Nitrogen-kugadzira utachiona: dzinogarisana, shanda

Utachiona - vanzwisise avanoziva wose. Kuwana chizi uye yogati, nemishonga, tsvina kurapwa - izvi zvose zvinoita kuti chimwe celled utachiona. Ngatitaurei kuzivana navo pedyo.

Ndivanaani utachiona?

Vamiriri ichi hwaJehoshafati zvakasikwa vanomiririra rimwe boka prokaryotes - zvipenyu, masero vari kunyimwa neerekitironi. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti havasi ane mirayiridzo ruzivo. DNA molecules vakasununguka mune cytoplasm, uye havasi dzakapoteredzwa goko.

Nokuda kwavo nemaziso zvokuera - kusvika 20 microns, zvidzidzo utachiona sainzi zvidukuduku. Masayendisiti akawana kuti prokaryotes inogona unicellular kana kubatana zviri munzvimbo. Vane zvakanaka chinyakare marongerwo. Mukuwedzera musimboti utachiona vakapfekenurwa marudzi ose plastids, Golgi kunzwisisa, EPS, lysosomes uye mitochondria. Asi pasinei ichi, sero kwemabhakitiriya anokwanisa kuita inokosha dzinotsanagura upenyu: anaerobic afemeruke pasina oxygen, heterotrophic uye autotrophic zvokudya, asexual kubereka uye paumbwe cysts apo kusangana nematambudziko ezvinhu.

makirasi mabhakitiriya

Zvinonzi inobva kupatsanura rwevamwe zviratidzo. Mumwe wavo - rudzi muchitokisi. Somuenzaniso, tora chimiro vibrio koma, cocci - woita chimiro. zononoka maonero vane spirilla, uye tsvimbo-zvakaumbwa - bacilli.

Uyezve, utachiona ikashandiswa muzvikwata zvichienderana zvechadenga muchitokisi mamiriro. Ava vanokwanisa wezvamatongerwe mucous Kamudzira kumativi pachake masero ayo uye vakagadzirira pamwe flagella.

Cyanobacteria, kana zvitema-uswa algae vanokwanisa photosynthesis uye howa vari chikamu lichen.

Mhando dzakawanda utachiona vanokwanisa symbiosis - munhu kungoreva kunobatsira sokubika mapoto zvinenge. Nitrogen-kugadzira utachiona uchagara pamusoro midzi bhinzi uye zvimwe zvinomera, zvichiumba nodules. Ko nodule utachiona, nyore zvokufungidzira. Ivo kutendeutsa mumhepo senitrogen, riri saka zvakakodzera kuti kukura zvinomera.

zvitengeswa Nzira

Prokaryotes vari boka zvipenyu, zviri kuwanikwa modes vose dzichifura. Saka, girini nomutsvuku bacteria Tidzidze autotrophic, nokuda kwezuva simba. Nokuda kuvapo plastids inogona kupendwa namavara siyana, asi nguva dzose ane chlorophyll. Chirwere uye chirimwa photosynthesis anosiyana yekudyidzana. In Mabhakitiriya, mvura haina kunodiwa reagent. The Erekitironi Anenge apa wacho anogona kuva rehydrogen kana rehydrogen sulfide, saka, okisijeni haina asunungurwa panguva izvi.

A guru boka mabhakitiriya zvokudya heterotrophically, t. E. Ready Organic zvinhu. Utachiona kwakadaro dzinoshandiswa kupa dzasara zvipenyu vakafa vavo metabolic zvigadzirwa. Utachiona kuorera mazviri uye chinovira vanokwanisa kunozvidzisa vose anozivikanwa Organic zvinhu. Utachiona yakadaro inonzi saprotroph.

Vamwe miti mabhakitiriya anogona kuumba symbiosis nevamwe zvinenge: notumwe, pamwe chete chikamu lichen, wezvikamu vagare midzi leguminous senitrogen-kutara mudzi nodule utachiona.

chemotroph

Rimwe boka zvokudya mhando vari chemotroph. Zvinokosha autotrophic zvokudya, umo rezuva simba rinoshandiswa pane simba kwemakemikari zvisungo zvakasiyana zvinhu mhando. Nitrogen-kugadzirira bacteria ndezvaJehovha zvinenge zvakadaro. Ivo oxidize zvimwe inorganic yeimwe pachavo apo kuunza anodiwa huwandu simba.

Nitrogen-kugadzira utachiona: dzinogarisana

Saizvozvowo, dyisa uye zvigare vanokwanisa rokutendeutsa munhu senitrogen akakura. Dzinonzi senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona. Pasinei nokuti utachiona kurarama kwose kwose, nzvimbo iyi kunyanya mhando - ivhu. More zvakananga, kwakabva leguminous zvirimwa.

mamiriro

Ko nodule utachiona? Zviri nokuda mamiriro avo. Nitrogen-kugadzira bacteria anonyatsooneka zvinoonekwa kuti kupfeka ziso. Vakazopinda pamusoro midzi bhinzi uye zviyo, ivo kupinda mukati chirimwa. In fomu iri thickening, zvinotora nzvimbo mukati muviri.

Kuchitaura kuti senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona vari Mutualists boka. coexistence hwavo nevamwe zvinenge vashanduri kunobatsira. Panguva photosynthesis, zvinomera synthesize carbohydrate shuga, zvakakodzera kuti pezvakaitwa upenyu. Mabhakitiriya haakwanisi zvakadaro kwacho, saka vakagadzirira kuwana shuga kubva bhinzi.

Plants Upenyu inoda senitrogen. Izvi fuma iri nehunhu zvakakwana guru nhamba. Somuenzaniso, zviri senitrogen zviri mhepo 78%. Zvisinei, muna mamiriro ichi, zvinomera havakwanisi yekubata fuma iyi. Nitrogen-kugadzira bacteria kugadzirisa mumhepo senitrogen uye kurishandura kuva chimiro yakakodzera zvinomera.

negoho

Ko senitrogen-kugadzira mabhakitiriya anogona kuonekwa muenzaniso chemotrophic azospirillum utachiona. Muviri uyu anogara pamusoro midzi rekushongedzesa: bhari kana gorosi. Ari hunzi mutungamiriri pakati Vanoburitsa senitrogen. Per hectare zviri kupa 60 makirogiramu ari chinhu.

Nitrogen-kugadzira mabhakitiriya bhinzi, akadai rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy uye vamwe uyewo wakanaka "vashandi". Vanokwanisa kuvandudza hectare munyika gobvu pamwe senitrogen kusvika 390 makirogiramu. On perennial leguminous miti vagere vakundi azotoobrazovaniya ane waivako zviri makirogiramu 560 chete hectare wenyika anorimwa nyika.

upenyu pezvakaitwa

Zvose senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona pamusoro chaizvo ari pezvakaitwa zvinokosha inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zviviri. Boka rokutanga ndiro nitrifying. Musimboti muviri hazvisi ngetani kwemakemikari transformations. Amoniya, kana amoniya iri dzikwanise nitrite - munyu pamusoro nitric acid. Nitrites, akavapindurawo, vari dzikwanise nitrates, idzo zvakare munyu wenyika mukomboni ino. Muchimiro nitrate senitrogen iri nani yokuita zvinoitwa midzi miti.

Boka rechipiri anonzi denitrifying utachiona. Ivo muchichengeta Ivan Kuchin muitiro: nitrates zviri muvhu, iri vatendeukira senitrogen gasi. Saka pane senitrogen kutenderera zvakasikwa.

Pakazosvika dzinotsanagura upenyu zvinoshandawo nedanho kubereka. It kunoitika kuburikidza kupatsanura nayo huviri masero. Ndoda - ne yotunga. Cho utachiona uye zvepabonde muinonzi conjugation. Panguva iyo kune kupanana magene mashoko.

Nokuti midzi allocates yakawanda zvinokosha zvinhu, mabhakitiriya yogara zvikuru. Ivo exchange chirimwa residues kupinda zvinhu vanogona yokufungisisa chirimwa. Somugumisiro, paiva ivhu kumativi anowana zvimwe zvivako. Inonzi rhizosphere.

Nzira kupinda mabhakitiriya ari mudzi

Pane nzira dzakawanda kudzidzisa kwemabhakitiriya masero munyama pamudzi hurongwa. Izvi zvinogona kuitika nokuda kuparara integumentary nyama kana munzvimbo mudzi masero vaduku. mudzi bvudzi mapazi zvakare chemotroph nokuda kupinda mukati chirimwa. Uyezve, mudzi vhudzi uye utachiona somugumisiro vanoshingaira sero weboka kwemabhakitiriya nodules kuumbwa. Dzika kutapuriranwa masero anoumba filaments kuti mberi nedanho kupinda mukati chirimwa tishu. With conductive kwemabhakitiriya gadziriro chokuita mudzi nodules. Nokufamba kwenguva, vachiwana chaiwo chirungiso - Leghemoglobin.

Pakazosvika nguva zviratidzo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri basa nodules kuwana vaaleanpunainen ruvara (nokuda ruvara Leghemoglobin). Kukwanisa kugadzirisa senitrogen utachiona chete avo kuti ane Leghemoglobin.

zvichireva chemotroph

Vanhu refu wakacherechedza kuti kana bhinzi kuchera ivhu panguva ino yokukohwa nzvimbo zvichava nani. Kutaura zvazviri, pfungwa haisi muitiro kurima. ivhu iri zvakawanda vafumiswa nokuda senitrogen, saka zvakakodzera kuti kukura zvinomera.

Kana jira anonzi fekitari kuti kugadzirwa okisijeni, ari senitrogen-kugadzira mabhakitiriya anogona kunzi fekitari kuti pagadzirwe nitrates.

Kare muzana remakore rechi19, masayendisiti akateerera zvinoshamisa nekugona leguminous zvirimwa. Nokuda kwokushayiwa zivo yavo kwaikonzerwa chete zvinomera uye chokuita nezvimwe zvinhu. Zvave kuti mashizha anogona kugadzirisa mumhepo senitrogen. Panguva kuedza zvakanzi vakawana kuti pulses izvo vakakurira mumvura, vanorasikirwa mano ichi. Makore 15, mubvunzo uyu yakaramba isingazivikanwi. Hapana wafungidzira kuti kutakura zvose izvi senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona, inova nzvimbo haina kudzidza. Zvakaitika kuti nyaya iri symbiotic zvinenge. Chete pamwe chete bhinzi uye mabhakitiriya anogona kubereka nitrates zvinomera.

Zvino, masayendisiti vanozivikanwa miti anopfuura 200, izvo hamuzi pasi legume mhuri, asi anogona kuumba symbiosis pamwe senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona. Potato, mhunga, gorosi vo nhaka ehupfumi inokosha.