Chii chakasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms? Huru misiyano

Gymnosperms (Latin Gymnospérmae.) Uye angiosperms, kana maruva zvirimwa (Magnoliophyta Lat.) - izvi mapoka akasiyana maviri chirimwa umambo (Subkingdom yepamusoro miti), dzinowanikwa successively ari shanduka hwezvisikwa. Ivo basa rinokosha mune nechouviri iri nyika, zvichiita zvakasvibirira pabutiro rayo.

Dzimwe nhengo mapoka aya ikozvino chose yakatotsakatika uye Zvisaririra deposits vari muchikwata. Zvino Earth varipo holographic, uye angiosperms. Pane misiyano anokosha kuti munguva mapoka maviri.

mavambo

Mavambo uye zera - ndiye mukuru, zvikuru yakasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. Gymnosperms - zvikuru yekare boka chirimwa zvipenyu. Ivo kuripo munyika pamwe Devonian nguva (Paleozoic nguva), ndiko anenge mamiriyoni 370 apfuura. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vaiva zvizvarwa mbeu ferns (Latin Pteridospermae.) - zvachose yakatotsakatika zvinomera uye vakawanda rinodhindira anowanzoshandurwa inowanikwa sediments ari Late Devonian uye Early Cretaceous.

Flowering miriwo, kana angiosperms akazviratidza makore mamiriyoni 120-150 apfuura, pane kumuganhu Jurassic uye Cretaceous (Mesozoic Era) uye angotanga hukuru nechinzvimbo panyika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti madzitateguru avo vaiva gymnosperms yekare.

Kusiyana kwemarudzi uye upenyu nezvimiro

Gymnosperms inosvika vanenge 1000 marudzi pari huripo zvakasikwa. Dzimwe nhengo dzeboka iri ndivo zvachose yakatotsakatika, uye kazhinji akawanikwa paleontologists mu Zvisaririra fomu. upenyu fomu - evergreen pamiti, uye mizambiringa redkovstrechaemye. Department gymnosperms inomiririrwa makirasi akawanda:

1. Sagovnikovye: cycad vachirembedza, Stanger woolly, Boven and unto.
2. Bennettitales Williamson nilsoniopteris (zvachose yakatotsakatika kirasi).
3. Gnetalians: Ephedra horsetail, velivichiya mirabilis.
4. Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba.
5. Conifers: spruce, misipuresi, nemipaini, omujunipa, misidhari, uye vamwe.

Sezvineiwo zvakawanda kusiyana - zvanzi chinosiyanisa angiosperms kubva gymnosperms. Angiosperms, pane vanenge zviuru 300 rudzi -. Kupfuura hafu vose miriwo nyika. Ivo kuripo muchimiro miti, nemiti, perennial uye negore rekushongedzesa, mizambiringa. kupatsanura kwavo siyana chaizvo uye kunzwisisa, anoti:

• Class Monocots:

mhuri:

Zviyo: rye, oats, gorosi, uye vamwe.

Liliaceae: rehapa, AND tulip, gariki, hanyanisi, etc.

• Class Dicotyledons:

mhuri:

Solanaceae: mbatatisi, fodya, Solanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus and unto.

Asteraceae: sunflower, mugwort, voikukka, Jerusarema artichoke, etc ..

Bhinzi: soyabhinzi, pizi, pizi, bhinzi uye nevamwe.

Cruciferous: makabheji, radish, radish, tabapi, etc.

Rosaceae: akasimuka, akasimuka, Rowan, Cherry, et unto.

nhengo dzokubereka nadzo

Musiyano mukuru pakati angiosperms uye gymnosperms - nhengo pabonde kubereka. Boka rokutanga iruva mu ovary izvo zvinoumba mbeu (michero) pashure muchangosangana. Inoitwa pakati Stamens - vanhurume zvomukati, pistil - hadzi pabonde nhengo (kubva zvichaita kukudziridza zvibereko), pamwe Corolla lobes, ari mudziyo uye peduncle. Flower yakasiyana chimiro, ruvara uye ruvara zvichienderana norudzi chirimwa.

In gymnosperms basa iri rinoitwa neboka dzakachinjwa vanopukunyuka - bundu kuti anogona kuva munhurume kana munhukadzi, iro nyore ichizotongwa ukuru hwaro. Zviri pazviyero ayo ovules kuva, uye zvadaro akaumba mbeu.

muchangosangana

Muitiro wekusangana - ndiyo shanguriro, vakasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. In gymnosperms iri nyore. Mukume mabhegi zvishoma nezvishoma kuibvisa pakati mukume tsanga, izvo zvino zvaitambidzwa munhukadzi gametophyte. Mumwe dzisingaoneki (varume gamete) impregnates chete imwe zai, pakwakanga mbeu. The kwacho zvakabuda mune megasporangia kana ovules.

In maruva kunoitika zvakasiyana. Pano pane kaviri muchangosangana ndiko angiosperms vakasiyana gymnosperms. Muchidimbu, izvi akarondedzerwa Russian masayendisiti SG Navashin muna 1898. It anobuda sezvinotevera: mukati mukume tsanga imere ovary maviri dzisingaoneki fertilizes rimwe zai iyo mbeu zvikamuka, wechipiri - sero nechepakati, achipa simukai endosperm - nerubatsiro zvinovaka muviri kuti azvarwa.

fetus Education

Mushure fertilization, maruva miti zvinoumba zvibereko - chii dzakasiyana angiosperms kubva gymnosperms. michero ine mhodzi inotungamirwa kunoitika mukati dzakachinjwa ovary rusvingo. Asi dzimwe nguva yaro inotungamirwa kubatanidzwa perianth, Stamens uye Calyx, zvose kunoenderana mhando chirimwa. Panguva ino, kufamba chicherwa uye Organic mumuti wacho chinotungamirwa kurutivi muchero kuti anogona deplete dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri. Fruit, uyewo kwemarudzi Zvinoumba angiosperms, inozivikanwa zvakasiyana-siyana.

Gymnosperms angiosperms zvichisiyana nokushayiwa zvibereko. mbeu dzavo anoiswa pamusoro flake pasikweya uye hapana yakachengeterwa pachena. Zvisinei, vane adaptations chinokosha kuti akwanise anoparadzirwa pamusoro madaro marefu.

waridza

Nzira mbeu kupararira - inokosha ezvinhu vakasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. Boka iri rokutanga ndiyo chete nzira - uchibatsirwa nemhepo. Naizvozvo, mbeu Anopiwa zvinoshandiswa, zvinoshandiswa uye membranous bapiro serin'i chivako. Movement mhepo inokwanisa zvinozivisa mbeu yakadaro kure zvikuru kupfuura inopiwa kukura munharaunda imwe chirimwa.

In angiosperms yekuzivisa mbeu zvakawanda siyana. Izvi zvinoitika pamwe kubatsirwa mhepo, tumbuyu, shiri, mhuka, uye vanhu. Vamwe mbeu vari kupotsera uye growths anogona kunamatira zvipfeko kana mhuka makushe uye saka kufamba madaro marefu. zvibereko vakawanda chinonhuwira manune pulp, dzinodyiwa vanhu nemhuka, iyo dzinovimbisa kuparadzira mbeu.

The nemamiriro kuitisa munyama

The umhare ari conduction hurongwa - chinhu chakasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. In miti vakura kufamba mvura uye zvokudya kuti munyama haisi kwazvo. The mvura runoita zvishoma kuburikidza tracheids - mhango sepombi pamwe gobvu masvingo uye Woody Perforated baffles. Ndivo chikamu xylem, uye pave zvichikwira mvura iyerere - kubva pamidzi kuti mashizha. Tracheids anonyatsooneka kuoneka apo dzakurukurwa nemaikorosikopu.

Conduction gadziriro yacho angiosperms zvikuru akakwana. Zvirimwa izvi zvakachinjwa mumidziyo tracheids. Ichi kumicheto refu kwazvo (vamwe mizambiringa vanozadzika makumi ezviuru metres), iri iyo kunowedzera Urume kuyerera uye zvinovaka muviri. Nyaya iyi zvinobatsira pakuvaka zvikuru inoshingaira nzira dzakawanda dzinokosha vasiri pezvakaitwa iri chirimwa: paumbwe chlorophyll, photosynthesis, afemeruke.

shanduka zvakwakanakira

Gymnosperms dziripo Pasi yakareba kupfuura angiosperms. Asi, pasinei ichi, havana kubudirira kusiyana kwazvakaita uye nezvimiro yaingowanikwa muduku maruva miti. Musiyano angiosperms kubva gymnosperms? Ndezvipi zvakanakira vakabvumira kuti kutora hukuru chinzvimbo chirimwa nyika yepasi? Pane dzimwe nguva kuti akaumbwa izvozvo, kureva:

• pakuonekwa ruva rikwezve tumbuyu, zvinomera vanobvumirwa kuwedzera mikana pollination;
• pollinating siyana zvaungasarudza;
• ovary ovule kunodzivirira kukuvara;
• kaviri muchangosangana runoita embryo mbeu kuwana zvokudya zvakakwana nokuda kukura kwavo;
• muchero manune anopa yakachengeteka iri mukati mbeu;
• nzira kuwedzera kuparadzirwa mbeu;
• zvakasiyana-siyana siyana (miti, uswa, makwenzi) unokubvumira vazadze chikuru zvipenyu niches;
• vascular hurongwa chinosimbiswa midziyo zvaanopa simba zvinokosha vasiri dzinotsanagura chirimwa Nhengo zhinji.

Huru misiyano. pfupiso diki

Saka, chii akasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms? Muchidimbu chikuru kusiyana mapoka zviri kuratidzwa Table.

Yakabuda munzvimbo-shanduka panzira, mano, akadai kudzivirira mbeu, kaviri fertilization, pollination nezvipembenene, uyewo mamwe yepamusoro conduction ezvinhu vakabvumira angiosperms nenzvimbo hukuru nzvimbo munyika munyika kasvisto.