Carolingian kumutsidzirwa hweRoma

Musoro "Pope" (papa -. Lat) ane Midzi Greek. Zvinoita sokuti, kusiyana nezvinodavirwa nevakawanda, haana kuuya kubva Pappas - "baba" (muchiGiriki.), Uye kubva papas - (. Gk) "wemazano". Pakutanga, vakadana zvose mabhishopi, asi gare gare zita akanzi bhishopu weRoma somutsivi St. Peter -. Maererano nengano, bhishopu weRoma wokutanga. Shoko "papa" harisi pamutemo wenyaya musoro yeRoma Katurike. Ake okuremekedza zvikuru - Episcopus Romanus uye Pontivex Maximus, izvo zvinoreva kuti "Supreme Mupristi". Ichi chechipiri Zita rokuremekedza nhaka chiKristu Rome. Gregory I Mukuru aizviti "Servus Servorum Dei" - "muranda varanda vaMwari." Zita iri mune papa titulature.

Gregory vaiva mhuri chakanaka uye akapfuma Roman. In basa rake sezvo mutariri Rome, akawana administrative uye nedzenyu ruzivo. Asi njodzi anokonzerwa nechisimba Lombards, revolutionized ake maonero. Kupa upfumi hwake kuvaka dzemamongi, akatanga kutungamira upenyu munamati uye anozviramba. Asi pashure penguva yakati Pope Pelagius II akamugadza ave mumiririri wayo pana Constantinople pachivanze. Muna 590, afa Pelagius Gregory akanga pakukwana kwebasa raPapa. Haana chete akaronga hurumende Ecclesiastical, asi chaizvoizvo akamira musoro nzvimbo yeRoma, kuronga kudzivirira, zvokudya, rubatsiro kuvapoteri, etc. Anobudirira Implementation pamusoro Gregory I ehurumende mabasa kwakaita kusafara pamusoro Byzantine pamambo, ndikarohwa Papa kwesimba Zvisinei, nechokwadi iye kuremekedzwa vafundisi, vanhu, uye kunyange Lombards, uyo akatanga pesvedzero yake kutamira yeRoma.

Gregory akasimbisa muenzaniso esangano mamiriro kuItaly, achaiswa yakatanga panguva paumbwe vanonzi papa mamiriro.

By pemwedzi VIII muna. Lombards yakapamba zvinenge zvose zvinhu Italian ose Byzantium. Muna 752, vakabata Exarchate pamusoro Ravenna, nokugumisa Byzantine Gavhuna-General muItaly. Danho rakatevera raiva kuva kubatwa reRoma. Hativimbi mambo weConstantinople, yokuita zvinoitwa munyika mhirizhonga, Pope Stephen II akatuma chikumbiro rubatsiro kuna mambo vechiFrank. Caroling Korol Pipin aionga vanotiza kubatsira vachipidigura yapfuura merovingian hwedzinza uye chechi anofanira kuva mimwe legitimization kwesimba rake. Pashure vaviri vemauto mishandirapamwe kuItaly, iye kumanikidzwa Mambo Lombards yakachena munzvimbo kubva kuRoma Ravenna, zvichibatanidzwa. Kwete kuda kudzorera Byzantine gavhuna, sezvo akakurudzira kubudikidza Constantinople hurumende, uye vasingakwanisi kunzwisisa Italian zvinoitika, Pepin akapa yaimbova Exarchate pakati Ravenna aidzorwa yemisangano yaitonga.

Details chesungano havasi chaizvo kuzivikanwa, sezvo magwaro ukama kunge akanyangarika. Asi gare gare papa pamadiro akadudzira rive oruoko chipo - ". Chipo Pepin" Kwapera nguva, chinhu dubious "wemupiro Pepin" kava "wemupiro Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - mumwe kupfuura munhoroondo forgeries. The yemisangano Chancery akanga akagadzira chitupa akambochera achimiririra Kesari Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Maererano chiito ichi Constantine, inonzi anoporeswa maperembudzi minyengetero Bishop reRoma Sylvester akapa okupedzisira chinzvimbo chinokosha kupfuura zvimwe mabhishopi uye akamupa uye vatsivi vake mukuru simba pamusoro Rome, Italy, uye yose Western hweRoma. Pachake mambo, kwete kugoverana simba pamwe Pope, akaenda Constantinople. Maererano shanduro iyi, Pepin ari chete akadzokera kwebasa raPapa kuti aifanira kuva naye IV.

Kunenge kuti Papa akamboda kupa ichi nyepera Pepin uye zvikuru simba rayo amutsive. Akava nomukurumbira chete yechipiri yezana IX remakore. pasi Pope Nicholas I mune ramangwana kwete kushandiswa kwebasa raPapa kuti kupembedza yakakurisa vainyepera kuti simba zvenyika. Zviripo chitsotsi "Conatitutum Constantini" kwakaratidzei muna 1440, asi chete XIX remakore. Church Catholic repudiated chiito ichi.

Pepin akavaka imba yose vechiFrank madzimambo wechipiri ainzi Carolingian vachikudza baba vake - meya youshe Charles. WeGermany "dzichiitirana" anoenderana Russian "ovich". Carolingians - zvinoreva Karlovic, zvizvarwa Karla Martella. Mumiriri kukosha dzinza roumambo uyu aiva mwanakomana Pipina Karl, akaburuka munhau sezvo Karl Veliky.

yokutungamirira ichi yesimba zvinoshamisa uye tarenda atora anobudirira zvikuru kuedza kuti "ndiwedzere simba hweRoma dzokurwa German." Nhaka yakakura vechiFrank umambo yababa vake uye zvinobudirira kuwedzera nayo kumabvazuva, nokumusoro nezasi, Karl akava kuguma VIII remakore. tenzi zvinenge zvose Continental Western Europe. Panguva yokutonga kwake vechiFrank mamiriro yaibva ichindosvika kuPyrenees kusvika Chirungu Channel uye Gungwa reMediterranean kuBaltic. On idzi zvino riri France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western uye Southern Germany, Austria, kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva Spain uye chikamu chikuru Italy.

Kuramba mutemo baba vake, Charles rave raimuvhiringidza mu vokuItaly zvenyika. Muna 772, Akatangazve yaFranco-Lombard hondo. The chikonzero nechisimba Italy akamutevera papa kukumbira kubatsirwa neuto. Achipindura kuna Pope atikomborere uye zvido kuti kunokurumidza kukunda Lombards, Karl akati anoda "kuti kuhwina, kwete kuti akunde." "Ini - Akati - achanzi Mambo vaFrank uye Lombards, kuitira kuti kugumbura vanhu vanotarisira akunde." In pakati 774, zviri Lombard mambo Desiderius conceded kukundwa. Akakundwa akaiswa mujeri yemamongi, uye Kumukundi korona korona yake.

Yakatangwa Karl Power akanga panoonekwa vakararama somunhu mutsivi of Western hweRoma. Iye aiva paakaenda simba, uye vaigona pemurairo vanoti musoro mambo.

Mumatsutso 800, Karl akaenda zvakare kuna Italy, apo weRoma kwamachinda vamukira Pope Leo III. Akapedza anenge mitanhatu muRoma, kuenda kuburikidza nokukakavara pakati papa uye ake vavengi. On December 25, zuva Christmas rokutanga, akateerera kusvikira Misa pana St. aPetro. Baba akaenda akapfugama Charles akaisa pamusoro wake yendarama korona youmambo. Izvi zvakateverwa vanonzi acclamation: aripo ari Cathedral iri vamiririri vaFrank, vaRoma uye Saxons, Bavarians uye imwe nyaya vanhu katatu akati: ". Long Unobata mhenyu uye Carl August, korona naMwari guru uye mirotvoryaschy mambo weRoma" Acclamation aifanira kufananidzira vanhu vatsigire mutongi mukuru.

Karl akatora wavarindi achibuda. Asi gare gare, maererano wenhoroondo dzoupenyu hwake Einhard uye mubatsiri, akaratidza kusagutsikana ne "kunze komutemo" mabasa Leo III akati kuti, kuziva zvinovavarirwa Pope, zvaizova kuti zuva haana kuenda kuchechi, pasinei Christmas. Uchapupu uhwu Einhard gahadziko dzekare, nekuti, sezvo zvakazoitika akaratidza, Carl zvechokwadi vanoyemurwa ake itsva rokuremekedza.

Zvinogoneka kuti Charles haana zvachose kufanorongwa nzira kugadzwa, nemaune revamped III Leon, akaisa korona kuti acclamation, inomiririra vanhu kuda, uye asingaremekedzi sezvo constitutive chakaitwa Emperor sarudzo. muenzaniso yakatogadzirwa: kuitwa Imperial musoro rakanga novimba chakaitwa kugadzwa kwaPope. Zvadaro, Karl akaedza kutyora ane kunaka muenzaniso. Muna 813, panguva yokupedzisira mwanakomana wake Louis vake co-mutongi uye mugari wenhaka, iye kupiwa pamwe chikamu Papa. By zvarayirwa Karl muduku mambo pachake akafunga korona pasi acclamation vaivapo uye akanzi mambo uye naAugustus. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvimwe chinzvimbo papa nharo kuti Karl Veliky akanga chete mambo, apo Leo III makafuka pake korona youmambo. Achipindura, ivo ideologists youmambo simba aiti kubudirira recreating kuWestern Empire vari Charles bedzi uye papa basa aihuitira wevakadzidza mhemberero.

Kuitwa Imperial rokuti Carl kuoma Rara Byzantium, achiri anofungisisa pachake oga mugari wenhaka hweRoma. The Byzantines vakatenda uye vanozviti Romans (chiGiriki - Romeo), uye ayo vatongi - Roman (romeyskoy). The pakuonekwa youmambo simba wechipiri, kwakauraya nhaka Roman, chakaonekwa Constantinople somunhu usurpation.

Charles uye ake nemakurukota zvaishandiswa zvakare kuti zvose "Roman" zita umambo: Eastern uye Western. Asi panguva imwecheteyo vakatsvaka mukana kudzorera kuvimbika masimba veRoma muchiuto kana nedzenyu nzira. Tiri zvirongwa kuroora Charles pamwe mutongi Byzantine, Irina, nenzira iyi kuti "kubatanidza East uye West" uye kudzorera kubatana pasi tsvimbo orbis Romanus ( "Rugare Roman"). Kuti uwane basa iri muna Constantinople akasvika vechiFrank vamiriri. Asi musi October 21 802, kubva kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba kwakaitika, kunyimwa Irina simba. Choushe Eastern hweRoma akatora protege vanokudzwa Nicephorus I (802 - 811), vechiFrank kufuratira "munyengeri". Chete inotevera 812 Basileus Michael I akamanikidzwa kubvuma kudzorerwa Western hwacho uye Imperial wenyaya Charlemagne.

Recovery (restauratio) uye kuvandudzwa (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl akafunga basa ravo rinokosha. Kufanana eRoma , aida kusungirira naye kundima akaisa kuti migwagwa, migero uye mabhiriji, uyewo yunifomu hurongwa muzviyereso, rimwe yepamusoro mari. Mari panguva Charles mufananidzo ari toga Roman uye welaurel chishongo akapoteredzwa akanyorwa "inp Aug" ( "Augustus"). The simba "vokumadokero mambo" Aenda kupfuura masimba aro. Maonero ake akanga akateerera mu-Saxon umambo, kuScotland, mu wokuIreland dzokumaruwa zvemisoro.

Vazhinji vanonetseka vakauya Karl kubatana zvakanaka uye Implementation ushe mutemo kwakatanga nemakambani hwacho. Iye akapinda "fuza" marudzi akarayirwa kugadzirira muunganidzwa tsika dzavo, vane tariro kwavakazoita kwetunhu, zvose pakati pavo uye mutemo weRoma. Carl pachake Aizvirumbidza zvikuru zvemitemo basa. Mushure paakaenda kugadza akabudisa 47 muAtlantic chitsauko imba, vakakurumidza rakapararira mudunhu.

Paraiitwa Karla Velikogo akadana "Carolingian Renaissance". Haana chete azopora reRoma paakaenda mamiriro, asiwo rekare tsika pachishandiswa muKristu mutsva, achitarisira kumisa kuora uye kusviba. Kare muna 789, imba yake chitsauko "Admonitio generalis" nyaya dzakafuridzirwa nezvazvo kudiwa dzidzo. Emperor akwanise kuti nesekondari zvikoro, kuunganidzwa uye kudzorerwa ekare, kusikwa mumaraibhurari, Kusimudzira "bhuku unyanzvi".

At mumwoyo hwacho Karla Velikogo aiva nepfungwa kubatana Western Europe. simba rake, simba uye aikwanisa, "magnanimitas" ake akapa kwaari rutsigiro panguva yake uye akavimbika vatongi vari pasi. Mumwe aigona tariro kuti Italy uye Gaul vachakwanisa kubvisa zvinokonzerwa fuza yaingopambwa, zvemo vanhu avhenganisa vokuGermany uye pamwechete recreate yakabatana Western Empire.

Charles akafa musi 28 January 814 Muviri "mambo mukuru akawedzera vechiFrank umambo uye kwemakore vachifara XLVII anotonga navo" akavigwa chapero of Aachen Cathedral. Nguva pfupi pashure porufu rwake akatanga manyowa (kudzikisirana) yaakasika hurumende hurongwa. Mwanakomana uye mugari wenhaka Karla Lyudovik, akaburuka munhau zvinzvimbo zita nokuda mambo, "nevatungamiriri", tanetseka chaizvo kuchengeta kuperera umambo. Muna 817, vakapa chitsauko imba "On hurongwa hwacho" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), izvo akataura mwanakomana wake mukuru Lothair "co-mutongi uye mubatsiri munyaya umambo." Gare gare muna ake akanga kutarisa Imperial simba. Vanakomana vaduku, kunyange rusununguko rakakura nyika, vaifanira kuzviisa Lothar zvehondo uye zvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, "Ordinatio imperii" harina rakatangwa. Pakafa Louis, navanakomana vake Lothar, Louis uye Charles, asingakwanisi kugoverana simba, akaparadzanisa simba sekuru rake guru, uye nokudaro Western Europe.

Yakanga iri chisingadzivisiki mararamiro kuitika? Kunenge kuti mhinduro chinoreva zvakawanda. Carl recreate umambo kwaibva rakapedzwa nhoroondo nheyo wehurumende yeRoma. Romance uye weGermany avanhu kare akaratidza feasibility pamusoro yakawiriranwa kuitwa. Ponesai uye kudzorera zvisaririra yeRoma kwezvivako, kukudziridza musika linkages uye zvinonyatsorehwa mari hurongwa. Under akanaka ezvinhu, mashoko Western Empire aigona kukurira Centrifugal maitiro uye simbisa centripetal. Asi kusaita zvinhu nomazvo uye irresponsibility zvematongerwo venhaka Charles akazarura nzira yokuti decentralization orgy. Bright mupfungwa kunyatsoongorora zviitiko zvichiitika webhaibheri akapa kukka wekuLyons womuzana "Complaint roUmambo chikamu." Empire, iro "richibwinya mumaziso enyika, - akanyora - zvino chakabvamburwa bvarurwa State ichangobva achiri chete, zvinonzi muzvikamu zvitatu ... Panzvimbo Kesari -. Measly" ropa maranjisi "pane Masimba -. Zvimedu zvakafanana zvakanaka akarega kuvapo ... zvose yokuita zvinoitwa zvivanakire: kufunga chinhu asi vakakanganwa Mwari ".

Chibvumirano Verdun vakauya Western Europe disintegration, zvoupfumi kuondomoka, isingaperi nokurwisana, ropa uye vanoshamba nyonganyonga. Panguva apo chete kutakura nhumbi semaonero A anogumira B raiva rimwe Feat, aida musika linkages, akanga naturalization zvoupfumi.

Kusvikira XIX remakore. partition kuti Charlemagne kwakaita Umambo hwacho aionekwa nhoroondo sayenzi zvisingarevi zvakawanda kunaka. Zvisinei, kuti French venhoroondo F. Guizot, uye A. Thierry akadzokorora yera Chibvumirano Verdun, akawana, avo maonero, kuvakwa mumigwagwa yenyika inoti, pakutanga kwezvose, Chokwadi, France. Havazivi kufungawo mutengo kuti akabhadhara vanhu kuti vabatane kupesana Carl Western Europe uye izvo, ndingadai wedzera, achiri aifanira kubhadhara.

Vakwikwidzi Verdun zvibvumirano vaiva kure inokosha nezvavanofunga, achitungamirirwa pfupi-refu. Havana hadzibudisi chaizvo zvinogoverwa kundima kuti gare gare chamuita kuti mukurwisana zhinji. Hapana achangobva States vakawanda haisati yave chete rudzi.

Gotwe muzukurukomana Karla Velikogo, izvo akapinda nhoroondo sezvo Charles Bald, akanga romanized nharaunda kumadokero Rhine. Middle muzukurukomana - Louis ndina evasingatombonamati German nzvimbo kumabvazuva Rhine duku kuruboshwe-webhanga nharaunda pamwe pakati kunosvika of Rhine, akapa "waini", anobudiswa panguva South German yemizambiringa. Pakupedzisira, mukoma - Lothair akagamuchira Italy uye "evaMedhia" enyika vechiFrank nyika rakamiswa pakati umambo munin'ina wake uye nokukurumidza akava pfupa kukakavara. Louis uye Charles vakaramba kubvuma paakaenda simba Lothar, asi akasiya paakaenda rokuremekedza, zvisina chaicho kugutsikana.

Zvakazoitika vakaratidza kuti havasi vose vanogona kubudirira ushe. zvikuru nokukurumidza Vakwikwidzi Verdun chibvumirano vane mari yacho. zvinhu zvavo vakarwiswa kubva kumaodzanyemba navaArabhu (Saracens), kubva kumabvazuva - the Hungarians kubva kuchamhembe - Air VaViking.

Karl Veliky akapa pokutanga kudzivirirwa kumuganhu nokuvaka mutsetse pamuganhu masvingo. Kuchamhembe, rakavakwa pakati Danish muchiso, kufukidza Saxony, kumabvazuva - the March Pannonia, chinoumba remangwana Austria, etc. zvikepe uye chiteshi zvivako zviri kushingaira ichivakwa.

Zvisinei, vatsivi vake, pane kusimbisa rengarava uye nhare dziri yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka internecine muhondo. Nguva pfupi pashure kusaina of Chibvumirano Verdun muna 846, panguva Saracens kukupfura tikamira pamwe Pirate zvikepe, akauraya Roma uye vakaparadza cheguta. North weboka hwacho akava nyore chipfuro nokuda Normans. Muna 845 ngarava dzavo, akakwidza Elbe, vakasvika Hamburg. The guta akatosvika rakaparadzwa, vagari vazhinji vakaurayiwa. Chimwe Norman rengarava akauya pasi Seine kuParis uye, kukashora, vakapamba izvozvo. Muna 50-ies. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl Bald akapa kwokudzivirira Norman vachirwisa kuti bhururu wake Robert ari Strong, achimupa musoro Count muParis. Gare gare, muna 987, mukuru-muzukuru Robert Gugo Kapet anova muvambi French imba youmambo Capetian.

Not vadzikama pashure Chibvumirano Verdun, vazukuru Karla Velikogo rave akaedza kubvuta nefuma mumwe. Saka, muna 858 German Ludwig akaedza kutora chigaro Charles Bald. Uyewo, Charles Bald akaedza kubvuta nyika vazukuru vake - Vanakomana Kesari Lothair I, uyo akafa muna 855. Muna 869, akakunda Lorraine, asi aitofanira udzawo Louis reGermany. Muna 875, mushure kudzvinyirira pamusoro Lothair dzinza roumambo, Karl pakarepo akaenda Italy nokuda paakaenda korona, vachisiya kodzero Ludwig wake mukoma.

Pope John VIII akaparidza Emperor Karl, ndichitarisira kuwana kudzivirirwa dzechiArabhu kutyisidzira. Muna 876, afa Ludwig reGermany, Carl, kuedza dzokerana vose "Roman uye vechiFrank umambo" mumaoko ake, yakarwisa Germany, asi vakakundwa vanakomana Ludwig. Zvichakadaro, wokuItaly, navaArabhu vakamhanyira kumasvingo Rome. Papa anonzi mambo mutsva rubatsiro. Carl kare vakatenga kure Normans wakaparadza Seine mumupata, vasingadi akaenda 877 kuItaly, asi nokukurumidza payakapera, achitya kutanga mauto eGermany. On munzira akarwara uye akafa makore 54. Mashoko mambo afa chokuona kuchiva pamusoro kutsivana chigaro.

Kunyange anofungidzirwa Charles asingatenderi ake Italian adventures parakatonga kuti akanga asina kuita kuItaly apo hwake iri kuparara. Kufadza navo, Karl pamberi yechipiri Italian pamushandirapamwe mvumo kutendeuka nyika benefices vari nhaka, uyewo yedzinza romukova count. Izvi chirevo yaiva panzvimbo uye gore bhuku rokuti Kersiyskogo chitsauko imba 877 ehurumende munzvimbo Counts nemachinda ikashanduka nhaka dzoumambo madunhurirwa. Pasi, akaumba kwomuchinda hwedzinza kodzero dzevanhu miganhu pamadzimambo. "Kupa kune nyasha dzaMwari" - anotaurwa pachavo mune dzimwe 878 nzvimbo vatongi.

Rokutonga rokupedzisira Carolingian youmambo yaiva nguva mamwe decentralization zvefuma simba kudzikisirana uye atsamwira kuti bhainda pemavara upfumi uye statehood. Royal chitsauko imba pasina kundodana pakurwisa "zvakaipa zvaibiwa kwakaenderera uye kuparadzwa." "Chii chinoshamisa ndechokuti ... vanhu huchipinda isu, kuba upfumi hwedu, kana mumwe nomumwe wedu anobira muvakidzani wayo pedyo?" - verenga chitsauko imba 884

Process anosarudza Chibvumirano Verdun, akava unmanageable. Nevazukuru Charles nyaya muenzaniso wakaipa vana vavo uye vatongi vari pasi. Panguva yavo internecine hondo kuziva vasati dzikarongwa pamwe paakaenda choushe, akadzidza sei kufamba kubva mumusasa mumwe, extorting aikwikwidza madzimambo enyika uye neropafadzo. By kuguma IX remakore. Karl Veliky vaisazoziva akanga asiya umambo. Nhaka yezvizvarwa zvake vakaramba 'chiwondomoke "iri Semi-akazvimirira seigneury, uye nokukurumidza youmambo obata huve nemagumo anonyadzisa. In Italy Carolingians aitonga kusvikira 887 d muEast Francia (Germany) - kusvika 911; muna West Francia (ramangwana France) - kusvika 987

Kunyanya kunoshamisa mugumo vakawana Lothar "pakati" nyika. Pashure pokufa kwake muna 855 vavo vari riri kuruboshwe kumahombekombe Rhine, yakashandurwa kuva yakazvimirira umambo, akatora mwanakomana wake wechipiri Lothar II. Rainzi Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Mumakore gumi nerimwe mazana Lorraine aiva chinhu hondo pakati France uye Germany, urwo rwakatora kusvikira pakuguma Second World War.

Munguva "seignorial mhirizhonga," paraiitwa Karla Velikogo akatanga sokuti "yendarama zera", uye iye - ari "baba Europe".