Mumaturi: mukuru nokurondedzerwa, akafanana, chikumbiro, GOST

Nokuti nokure chivakwa mabasa kwese uye kujairana pfungwa dzakadai mumaturi. GOST 28013 (anotenderwa ndokuiswa simba neHurumende stroykomiteta №7 USSR muna 1989. Nayo chikatsiviwa chete Standard, mvumo ne Construction Komiti Russia №30 1998 State uye akapinda nechisimba July 1999) anodudzira sezvo chine mashoko "dhaka kunovhengana", "dhaka yakaoma", "mhinduro" uye anosarudza mutemo zvinodiwa kuti zvakafanana nokurondedzerwa noruremekedzo kwavo gadziriro, zvokufambisa, uye chionekeso uye unhu zviratidzo.

Somunhu divi katsamba: mitemo izvi hadzingoshandi kupisa uye namakemikari nemishonga mumaturi.

Chii dhaka?

The Zvinoumba mushonga ndiko anyore uye Nyatsosanganisai kusvikira kumeso zvinoriumba: bhainda, wakanaka uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. uye vaiitawo. Kana zvakakodzera, anokosha yokuvirisa anogona kuwedzerwa mumushonga. Conventionally mumwe bhainda, achipa mhinduro kubva elasticity, anoita se simende, gypsum kana madota. Filler ndiye yemanyorero jecha, mumwe vaiitawo - mvura.

Haatarisiri achirapa, zvakazara agadzirira kushandiswa mushure unobva zvakafanira zvinoriumba anozivikanwa dhaka dhaka. Dhaka kunovhengana anogona kuva rakaoma zvinhu, hwakakanyiwa panguva fekitari. Izvi anonzi dhaka yakaoma. Iye rakavharwa mvura pamberi kushandiswa.

The akaomesa uremu chakatodzana ibwe chakagadzirwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa bhainda anosunga pamwe jecha nezvimedu, nokudaro achidzikisa kukweshera, anonzi mhinduro.

mumaturi: General nokurondedzerwa

Mumaturi dzinoiswa sezvinotevera.

Zvichienderana bhainda mu murwiyo Munokudzwa:

1. Simple kuroorwa zvinoriumba - simende, madota kana gypsum. Kazhinji, runotaurwa kuva nhamba 1: 2, 1: 3, sezvamakaropafadzwa 1 - chikamu (chikamu) ari bhainda, nhamba yechipiri - mangani mashekeri filler akawedzera chikamu bhainda.

2. Complex, zvakavhenganiswa, multi-chikamu. Izvi Somuenzaniso, simende, reraimu, reraimu, gypsum, ivhu uye uswa, madota nemadota, uye vamwe. Zvinoratidzwa nemifananidzo matatu: huru bhainda, ari bhainda akawedzera, mumwe filler.

On nhamba bhainda uye jecha kunotsamira zvikuru. Pane mumaturi:

1. Normal. Ichazivikanwa noku Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nhamba bhainda uye filler.

2. Kandachime. Ichazivikanwa noku nekumwisa bhainda kupa mukuru shrinkage panguva naro, makatsemuka (chiine rukoko deposition). Hunodzorwa kunyudza rutanda kuva mhinduro - mafuta muvhenganiswa encapsulating nazvo gobvu rukoko.

3. dzakaonda. Dzinoratidzwa nokushayikwa, shoma bhainda, zvokuti hapana shrinkage, Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokuda lining. Anotsanangurwa sezvinotevera: kubudikidza kunyudza tsvimbo kuva mhinduro musanganiswa hauomereri pairi.

Pakazosvika ehupfumi ose mumaturi binders akakamurwa:

- mhepo - solidification yavo kunoitika kuti zvinenge ezvinhu akaoma (gypsum);

- hydraulic - solidification pezvakaitwa kutanga uye kuramba mhepo mune nyorovera ezvinhu, semuenzaniso, mumvura (simende).

Zvichienderana vakashandisa jecha, kana kwakajairika dzinongoitika, gomo, rwizi, kana lightweight porous (rakawedzerwa ivhu, pumice, tuff), pane rinorema (kubvira 1500 makirogiramu / m3 arambe achirema pakaoma state) uye chiedza (kusvika 1500 makirogiramu / m3) mumaturi. Quality uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvakananga kukanganisa kuwedzera simba rokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Saka, zvichienzaniswa gang, vachisanganisa ari bhainda nejecha kuvaka pasina nouipi (chicherwa munyu, ivhu dombo inclusions) anowedzera simba chichagadzirisa 40%.

The quantitative reshiyo mvura unoitawo basa rinokosha iri kugadzirira zvinogadzirisa: kushaya ayo mhinduro kunoratidzwa Rigidity, doro - delamination, kwamakadarika Qualitative simba unhu ipfupi.

Kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti dhaka (GOST 28013-98) akagadzirira zvakanaka maererano unhu mitemo uye yakarurama nhamba zvinodiwa zvinoriumba chiri workability. Chinjwa, epurasitiki akafanana anokwanisa kuzadza zvose pakakoromorwa, zvakanaka nekuumbanidzwa, nekuumbanidzwa, asingadi chiwondomoke, kwete kugeza haadi kutedzemuka pamwe pamadziro. With yakaderera nokusanganisa uye VaGumbo bhainda mhinduro anova ductile, asi izvi zvinotungamirira yakakwirira shrinkage munguva solidification echivako chacho zvokunyama uye nokudaro paumbwe makatsemuka.

Gara pasi hwokugadzira zvinhu dhaka wemisanganiswa uye negadziriso, parameters zvose zvinodzorwa ne ano nemitemo.

Qualitative unhu dhaka

Chinodiwa parameters dhaka protrude avhareji arambe achirema, kukwanisa kuchengeta mvura, famba uye peelability. The zvishoma bhainda kudyiwa panguva zvinodiwa kwakaitwa musanganiswa, nani. Kana musanganiswa ane nguva kubata kana unfreeze, zviri zvachose hazvitenderwi kuti wedzera vaiitawo. Kuti vabudirire unodikanwa ehupfumi zvakakosha zvakanaka kugadzira dhaka kunovhengana, rokugovera, chinja mashoko mavari. Zvinofanira kuva cyclical mixers (chinoramba mhando), giravhiti (simba) chiito. In bvumidzwa kukanganisa ichi anosvika 2% hama kuti kutsinga, mumwe vaiitawo, akaoma yokuvirisa, kusvika 2,5 - panyaya filler. For ezvinhu chando, mushonga tembiricha ave akaenzana kana kupfuura 5 ° C. The optimum mvura tembiricha gauging - 80 ° C.

Zvichienderana mitemo kufamba akataura anoverengeka mavanga dhaka:

1. PC4 - dzinoratidzwa dzose mufambo pamusoro 1-4 masendimita rinoshandisirwa kuzunguza tsandanyama marara ..

2. Pk8 - chivhariso mufambo kunobva zvakasiyana kuwanda 4 kusvika 8 masendimita kushanda kune vanhuwo marara (ibwe Hollow uye zvidhina) masonry, tiling, masvingo kugadzwa (guru-chezvakaipa, hombe-paneeli) ..

3. Pk12 -. Mufambo vanopfuura 8 kusvika 12 masendimita rinoshandiswa paakapa pamusoro kwakajairika chidhinha, plastering, rusvingo nechifukidzo, achizadza voids.

Kukwanisa dzichangobva akagadzirira dhaka varambe mvura - zvakare imwe inokosha zviratidzo. Quality Score ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai anoshanda chiratidzo 90% munguva yechando, asi 95% - muzhizha. Panguva kugadzirwa nzvimbo inofanira kupfuudza 75% yemvura kunhaka vanokwanisa akatsunga nokuda mumarabhoritari Data. Kunokonzera arambe achirema, dzakanga mvura nemishonga. Nokuti fekitari yakaoma dhaka mixes zvinogamuchirika mwando tigutsikane 0.1% uremu.

Achitaura peelability uye svikiro arambe achirema, pachinhu vose indices zvingava yakarurama kuti mukati 10%, kwete yepamusoro. Kana dhaka musanganiswa Wakawedzerwa mhepo-entraining yokuvirisa, hama kuti paavhareji arambe achirema mwero kunodzikira kusvika 6% of yamunenge chirongwa.

Quality mitemo zvinogadzirisa

Paavhareji arambe achirema, chando nemishonga, compressive simba - chikuru unhu zviratidzi mhinduro. Saka, pane mavanga wandei kuti kuona munhu simba axial compression: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - mucherechedzo zvinoratidza chando chakarurama mhinduro riri pasi rave kuoma nechando - defrosting. Frost chakarurama ane mumwe chaizvo kuti kongiri, masonry, plaster, panyaya chokunze purasita. All muchiso mhinduro zvinoongororwa.

Density mumaturi (GOST 28013) rakakamurwa rinorema uye chiedza forogo zvarakasiya mukuita haagoni kuva kupfuura 10% of yamunenge chirongwa. Chinonetsa anonzi chesamende kongiri. Rinoshandiswa apo kuisa hwaro, kuvakwa pasi pasi. The kumusoro ari arambe achirema, kwakasimba, kusimba mhinduro.

Quality Standards zvinhu zvaisanganisira mune mhinduro

Sezvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa achigadzirira zvinogadzirisa, vakashandisa simende, madota, gypsum jecha mbishi, kusanganisira chafariz simba kubva slags, Nokufema nevira gang. zvinoriumba izvi zvose, uyewo mvura mumaturi, inofanira kusvitsa zvimwe zvinodiwa zvakafanana date GOST 28013 uye unhu zvinodiwa kushandiswawo mumwe zvinoriumba.

filler

Nokuti mumwe dhaka zvichienderana nechinangwa kushandiswa zvinoda mumwe filler kwaida unyoro. Saka, zvakakodzera kuti vasapedze dhaka jecha remakungwa vane saizi kusvika 1.25 neMM, Ivhu - 2.5 neMM, plastering jecha remakungwa isvike 1-2 neMM, kupedza plastering rukoko - kwete kupfuura 1.25 mm (zvichibvira kutsauka kuti 0.5% kurema, asi mhinduro harifaniri ane kupfuura 2.5 mm jecha remakungwa). Kana jecha rinoshandiswa padurunhuru, uremu havafaniri kuva chando, akachengetwa nemavhinga. In inopisa ezvinhu chivakwa jecha tembiricha inogona haapfuuri 60 ° C. Lightweight dhaka dzinosanganisira nokusanganisa bhainda ine jecha porous (shungite, vermiculite, rakawedzerwa ivhu, perlite, gang pumice, aglonirit, kubhururuka dota nevamwe). Decorative mytyh zvingaitwa yaigadzirwa Goldstone jecha, mafufu dombo tsanga vane saizi kusvika 2,5 mm (girenayiti, machena, zvedongo, carbon, epurasitiki). Color plastering pamadziro kunosanganisira kushandiswa 2-5 mm girenayiti, girazi, zvedongo, marasha, shale, epurasitiki muvhuruvhuru. Wechitema simende-dhaka plastering rinoitwa nokuwedzera kuti murwiyo mavara esimende mhinduro, dzinongoitika kana chakaita zvokugadzirwa pigments akakodzera mitemo.

mishonga yokuvirisa

Preparation of dhaka kunosanganisira achiwedzera kwavo Zvinoumba akasiyana ndanatsiridza chigadzirwa unhu mishonga yokuvirisa kuti kudzivirira delamination, inobatsira kuti mufambo mukuru, simba, kuvandudza chando kuramba kuti musanganiswa. Izvi zvinonzi Superplasticizing, plasticizers, stabilizers, mvura-Decorative, mhepo-entraining, kuwedzera nokuomesa, retard, antifreeze, gaskets, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, bactericidal, vachiridza hurongwa. Mana okupedzisira vari kushandiswa mune chaiyo zviitiko.

The zvaida Huwandu mishonga yokuvirisa iri pakutsvaga batch murabhoritari. Yakabudiswa maererano nezvinodiwa, havafaniri kukonzera kuparadza zvinhu, kungatikanganisa migumisiro pamusoro vakavhiyiwa zvivako uye dzimba. Classified ne mhando, kuti, vose vane ngano, uyewo mureza mazita uye nokurondedzerwa. Saka, mumwe nokuomesa kuwedzera yokuvirisa zvinosanganisira sulfate yavaibvisa (CH GOST 6318, TU 38-10742) kuti antifreeze - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) mu The mvura chengetedzo - carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC TU 6-05-386) . A ndandanda zvakakwana yokuvirisa raanotaura okuwedzera 28013. Standard Cement Duri anobudiswa pamwe kuwedzera Organic (mikropenoobrazovateli) uye inorganic (That, madota, simende yezvidhinha guruva, achibhururuka dota, etc.) plasticizers.

Technical yepamusoro kuzvidzora

Enterprise kuti manufactures nedhaka, mutemo unoti hwokugadzira kuzvidzora rinoitwa nevanhu rokupa runodiwa zvinoriumba uye zvakakodzera gadziriro dhaka. Control rinoitwa kamwe pa kusuduruka. Nedhaka musanganiswa chete nziyo yakabereka paminiti kusuduruka, vachava mapati. Ari kuzvidzora ivhu vanotumirwa kune mumwe murabhoritari (vakasarudzwa maererano GOST 5802) kuona zvose rwokugadzira unhu.

Kana vatengi anopiwa kunze kweaya raanotaura IEC 28013 mabasa, risanyatsobuda riri pasi kuzvidzora pesungano pakati mugadziri uye nevatengi.

Test mumaturi inoitwa murabhoritari mamiriro kubudikidza mugadziri, panguva iyo munhu Mutengi anogona kukumbira kuzvidzora ivhu dhaka uye dhaka. Dhaka kunovhengana asunungurwa nokuda bhuku yakaoma dhaka - uremu.

Nezveshoko zvechadenga dhaka anogona delamination uye ukaramba fluid uye mhinduro - ne chando, zviri zvazvakaipira wokusarudza kana kuchinja sezvamunoita kana zvechadenga mumushonga zvinoriumba. Uyezve zvigadzirwa inozviisa kuongorora mwedzi mitanhatu ose. Kana ari chiitiko vasiri kutevedzera macheki acharatidza kuti magetsi mureza, yose Mujenya parinorambwa.

Chii chinofanira huri zvinyorwa nokuda zvinhu?

Zvinyorwa kuti vanoshumira sezvo uchapupu risanyatsobuda uye mumiririri mvumo kubva mugadziri anokonzera zvekushandisa kuzvidzora, zvinotevera mashoko anofanira chinyatsotsanangurwa:

- Zita uye Kero mugadziri, musi chaiwo uye nenguva gadziriro musanganiswa;

- the muchiso kuti mhinduro;

- a bhainda mhando;

- uwandu nhumbi mufambo;

- Zita uye uwandu kwemakemikari yokuvirisa;

- Munongedzo mureza, kuti ndiwo runovimbisa zvaidiwa makagadzirira-to-kudya chigadzirwa rwokugadzira mashoko.

Kana akashandisa porous aggregates, mberi yakatarwa avhareji arambe achirema pakaoma mamiriro. Yakaoma musanganiswa imwe vaiitawo ushandiswe mari, saka kuti musanganiswa awana zvinodiwa mufambo. Uyewo zvinyorwa vanofanira pave pasherefu upenyu musanganiswa pakaoma mamiriro, iro rinowanikwa kubva musi wokugadzirira isati yapfuura mwedzi mitanhatu.

Akatakura dhaka wemisanganiswa

Kana rokutakura dhaka kunokosha kudzivisa kurasikirwa samende mukaka. Bvumidzwa senga nhumbi kubudikidza mugwagwa, uyewo migomo (hoppers) michina uye njanji platforms. Panyaya iyi tembiricha inofanira kuongororwa zvifambiswe dhaka, izvo yakatarwa kunyudza hwokugadzira lämpömittari kuti kudzika 5 cm.

The yakaoma dhaka wemisanganiswa vari kuendeswa kune samende rori, mudziyo kana mumapepa kuti 40 makirogiramu (vachivhara paper) uye kusvika 8 makirogiramu (epurasitiki chiputiriso). Mupepa kutungamidza masaga akatakurwa ari yemapuranga pallets, mu polyethylene - kuburikidza kuisira masaga vane musanganiswa mu akakodzera mumagaba. Store muvhenganiswa muhomwe ishandiswe panguva tembiricha 5 ° C muna namahwindo yakaoma mukamuri. Pashure akatakura dhaka musanganiswa iri asunungurwa kupinda chisanganiso kana mumwe mudziyo.

Kushandiswa mumaturi

Makuriro mumaturi zvakasiyana-siyana. Construction concretes uye mumaturi kuti simende bhainda sechinhu STRUCTURAL zvinhu zviri zvikuru rakakurumbira private uyewo pakuvaka indasitiri pakuvaka hwakasimba inotakura bwezvingoro, chinjikira, kutwasuka, zvivako vachida, zvakagadzirwa, overlaps, kana overhauling, kugadzira, vakiridzo uye kudzorerwa .

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muna kuvakwa kwezvivako ibwe dzinoyerera mumaturi rinosvika kota zvachose Vhoriyamu mamiriro. Vakawanda vedu nokusingaperi kutenga madota, gypsum dzakasanganiswa mumaturi nokuti plastering masvingo ari Apartments kana muchivande mhuri (anonzi apedza nziyo). Uyewo, munhu aifanira kutenga masonry negadziriso basa gungano, cladding, ibwe masonry, refractory. Zvino unogona kuwana pamusoro dhaka kuvaka musika (GOST 28013), nhaka mukuru kumbogadzirwa kuti mudziye ehupfumi, mutsindo Absorção de Água, kupisa uye moto nemishonga.