ATP Chimiro uye chaivo basa. ATP mabasa

Sero rimwe nerimwe riri mumuviri wedu kutora nzvimbo mamiriyoni nokukanganisika siyana. Vari catalyzed ne zvakasiyana makemikari, izvo kazhinji zvinoda simba. Kupi sero zvinotora? mubvunzo uyu inogona akapindura nokuongorora nemamiriro mamorekuru pakati ATP - zvikuru rine simba.

ATP - waifarirwa kunobva simba

ATP anomirira adenosine, kana adenosine triphosphate. The fuma mumwe maviri manyuko kukosha simba muchitokisi ose. Marongerwo chaivo basa ATP zvine chokuita. Most nokukanganisika siyana zvinogona kuitika chete kutora chikamu mamorekuru ari fuma, kunyanya mune epurasitiki muviri. Zvisinei, ATP haawanzopiwi avepo zvakaitwa kuti panowanikwa upi kwacho kunoda simba, zviri encased mune zvemakemikari zvisungo ATP.

The nemamiriro mamorekuru ari pafuma zvokuti zvichiguma kubatana pakati pemapoka phosphate kutakura guru simba rakawanda. Saka, kukurukura kwakadaro anonziwo mukuru-simba kana makroenergeticheskimi (macro = dzakawanda vazhinji). Term simba zvisungo kokutanga akasuma musayendisiti F. Lipman, uye zvinganaka kushandisa kunan'anura navo ̴ kuvake.

Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti sero kuramba kuramba azvipire ATP. Izvi zvinonyanya runozivisa tsandanyama masero uye tsinga fibers, nekuti ndivo kupfuura kugadzikana uye kuzadzisa mabasa ayo zvinoda refu zviri adenosine triphosphate.

Sechivako mamorekuru ose ATP

ATP ine zvinhu zvitatu: ribose uye adenine residues ose phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, izvo zvinoreva kuti pentose boka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Zvinoumba ribose 5 kabhoni maatomu izvo zvinosanganisirwa ichitanga. Ribose hwakabatana pamwe adenine β-N-glycosidic chisungo wokutanga kabhoni atomu. Uyewo rakabatanidzwa pentose residues ose phosphoric asidhi panguva 5th kabhoni atomu.

Adenine - a nitrogenous nechimwe. Zvichienderana worudzii chikuru senitrogen vasiyana ribose, sezvo yoga GTP (guanosine triphosphate), ttp (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) uye UTP (uridine triphosphate). All izvi zvinhu zviri zvakafanana chivako kuti adenosine triphosphate nokuita ndezvomuzana basa rakafanana, asi zvinowanika muchitokisi iri mashoma zvikuru.

Residues ose phosphoric acid. To maximize ribose angabatana residues matatu phosphoric acid. Kana vaviri kana mumwe chete, ukuwo, imwe pfuma inonzi ADP (diphosphate) uye AMP (monophosphate). Zvinonzi akagumisa pakati phosphorus residues makroenergeticheskie kubatana, izvo anosunungurwa pamusoro atsamwira inobva 40 kusvika 60 KJ simba. Kana zvisungo maviri akavhuniwa, pamire 80, kanenge - 120 KJ simba. At kwemasikati kutaurirana pakati ribose moiety uye phosphorus asunungurwa chete 13.8 KJ, saka vaviri chete triphosphate Morekuru macroergic kubatana (P ̴ ̴ F P), uye ari morekuru ADP - mumwe (P ̴ P).

Heano ndezvipi hunhu ATP mamiriro. Nokuti kuti pakati phosphoric asidhi residues vakaumba makroenergeticheskaya chisungo marongerwo uye ATP mabasa zvakabatana.

Marongerwo chaivo basa ATP mamorekuru. Zvimwe zviri adenosine triphosphate

Kunze simba, ATP anogona kuita mamwe mabasa akawanda muchitokisi. Pamwe nemamwe nucleotide triphosphate triphosphate munyaya pakuvaka nucleic acid. Muchiitiko chino, ATP, GTP, ttp, CTP uye UTP muri rubatsiro kubva nitrogenous zvigadziko. pfuma iyi inoshandiswa dzinotsanagura DNA kuberekana uye transcription.

ATP Zvinokoshawo kuti Ion makwara. Somuenzaniso, Na-K gwara pumps yavaibvisa 3 mamorekuru kubva masero uye kupomba potassium 2 Morekuru muchitokisi. Izvi Ion razvino chinodiwa kuramba zvakanaka mutariri pamusoro rokunze pemvura Kamudzira, uye chete kushandisa ATP mugero ishande zvakanaka. Izvi zvinoshandawo Purotoni karusiyamu makwara.

ATP ari aizotangira pamusoro yechipiri nhume Camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - Camp kwete chete transmits chiratidzo akawana foni Kamudzira receptors, asi chinhu allosteric effector. Allosteric effectors - ndivo zvinhu kuti rikurumidze kana kunetesa enzymatic siyana. Saka, cyclic adenosine kuchititadzisa ari enzayemu kuti catalyzes kuti cleavage kuti lactose mumakamuri ane utachiona.

ATP Morekuru pacharo kunogonawo kuva allosteric effector. Uyezve, muna pezvakaitwa dzakadaro antagonist ATP ADP anoita sokuti triphosphate Inowedzera zvingaitwa, ipapo kuchititadzisa diphosphate, ndiEzekieri. Ndivo mashandiro uye maumbirwo ATP.

Sezvo ATP akaumba muchitokisi

Nerevane maumbirwo ATP vakadaro kuti mamorekuru venhumbi anoshandiswa nokukurumidza uye vanoparadzwa. Naizvozvo triphosphate usage - zvinokosha muitiro simba inotungamirwa muchitokisi.

Kune zvitatu nzira inokosha nokuda kwetunhu adenosine triphosphate:

1. substrate phosphorylation.

2. Oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Substrate phosphorylation pazvikanganiso vakawanda siyana kuitika muchitokisi cytoplasm. Maitiro aya anonzi glycolysis - anaerobic padanho Kurovedza afemeruke. Somugumisiro, mumwe kutenderera glycolysis kubva 1 shuga Morekuru iri synthesized nokuda mamorekuru maviri kubva pyruvic asidhi vari mberi kushandiswa pave simba, uye vaviri synthesized ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4h + 2ATF.

Oxidative phosphorylation. sero afemeruke

Oxidative phosphorylation - ndiye inotungamirwa ATP nokuda kutapurirana maerekitironi vari Erekitironi chokufambisa cheni yacho membrane. Somugumisiro kuchinjwa hwepurotoni gradient kwakadaro achiumbwa rimwe divi Kamudzira uye vachishandisa iine mapuroteni chinokosha ATP synthase ndiko kuvaka mamorekuru. The kwacho kuitika mitochondrial membrane.

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko Nhanho glycolysis uye oxidative phosphorylation mu mitochondria ndiro muinonzi kufema. Pashure zvizere kutenderera kubva 1 morekuru shuga muchitokisi 36 achiumbwa pamusoro ATP mamorekuru.

photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation muitiro - ichi ndiro oxidative phosphorylation pamwe musiyano mumwe chete: kuti phosphorylation kuitike nenzira chloroplasts masero pasi pokudzora chiedza. ATP yakabereka panguva photosynthesis chiedza rwakazara - inokosha muitiro yokuwana simba kubva zvinomera, algae uye mamwe mabhakitiriya.

In nedanho photosynthesis nokuda chete Erekitironi-chokufambisa cheni vanopfuura maerekitironi, zvichiguma hwepurotoni gradient. Kuwanda protons kurutivi rumwe rutivi Kamudzira itsime ATP kwetunhu. Vanoungana mamorekuru akatakurirwa enzayemu ATP synthase.

Interesting chokuita ATP

- The paavhareji Sero rine 0,04% of zvachose guru adenosine triphosphate. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha iri kuchengetwa tsandanyama mumasero: 0.2-0.5%.

- In muchitokisi, anenge mabhiriyoni 1 mamorekuru pamusoro ATP.

- Mumwe Morekuru haararami anopfuura 1 miniti.

- One ATP Morekuru ari weekly 2000-3000 nguva.

- In Muchidimbu, pazuva kwevanhu muviri synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, uye panguva imwe nguva neboka ATP ndiyo 250 d

mhedziso

ATP Chimiro uye zvipenyu basa mamorekuru ayo zvine chokuita. The fuma basa rinokosha mune dzinotsanagura upenyu, nekuti iri simba chisungo pakati phosphate residues zvine guru simba rakawanda. ATP anoita akawanda anoitwa muchitokisi, uye saka zvinokosha kuramba kuramba pfungwa yacho fuma. Kuparara uye kwetunhu zvinoenda kumhanya chaizvo, kureva. To. The simba nomukadzi vanogara kushandiswa nokukanganisika siyana. Zviri chinokosha chero sero pamuviri. Pano, zvichida, zvose kuti chingataurwa pamusoro chii maumbirwo ndiye ATP.