The chikuru zvokukura kukura dzezvoupfumi, misoro uye nzira. Modern dzezvoupfumi

munharaunda upenyu siyana chaizvo. Kudzidza siyana mabhora chokuvapo ayo vanhu wakasika akasiyana-siyana anoranga yesayenzi. Mumwe wavo ari zvoupfumi dzidziso. Kudzidza sayenzi iyi achazvikomborera vanofanira kutanga nhoroondo yaro nezvekutanga. Izvi zvichaita kuti unzwisise chirango chakaoma.

Kutsunga hwenyika

Pane mhirikiro siyana izvi chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye capacious kurangwa, chimwe nechimwe akarurama. Kudivi rimwe, upfumi - ichi basa zvoupfumi. Kune vamwe - National kana mhuri. The kukurukura anogona kuenda pamusoro mabhizimisi dzezvoupfumi, maindasitiri, kana yose nyika. Asi kuti zvingaita sezvakadaro, ndiyo dzidziso iyi nheyo chero vanhu.

Ndiwo mamiriro woupenyu-rutsigiro hurongwa, kugadzirisa dambudziko kwete chete okuwana, asiwo kumwe kugoverwa uye kudyiwa zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu. Tinogona kutaura takasununguka kuti upfumi akaita yakabuda nomurume. Nhasi, zvinoita ichiriko kuti zvibatsire vanhu vose.

dzezvoupfumi

Panowanikwa mumwe anoranga dzokutambura kuedza vanhu kugadzirisa dzimwe nyaya chokuita choupenyu hwavo. Economy nesayenzi upfumi rakaonekwawo nokuda kwechikonzero ichi. Zvinonzi kutanga ruzivo mukuranga vanhu vapiwe kunyange mumamiriro muvanhu, mumwe mugove mumwe nomumwe zvikaramba chigadzirwa iri apo vakawana mumwe nomumwe nhengo dzayo.

sainzi Economic inodzidza mitemo kuti ibatsire mamiriro, kambani kana munhu kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo zvoupfumi. Ndokusaka ruzivo chirango ichi zvakakosha kuti kukura chero vanhu.

zvokukura inotungamirwa

Economics nesayenzi zveupfumi akaramba ichishanduka nomunhu. Mitemo nemirayiro chirango ichi vakatanga kunyorwa magwaro wakabudiswa kunyika the Ancient East. Yakanga mitemo weBhabhironi, uyo akatora kare 8 remakore BC. e. Economic vanhu mirairo muBhaibheri. Vanopinda 2nd uye 1st chemakore BC.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huru nzendo kukura sayenzi zvoupfumi achine yakatangira nzanga yekare. The chidzoke chirango ichi nechokuita kuRoma uye yekare Greece, mabasa nevazivi. Pakutanga, vakanga vafunga chete mabasa hunoenzana veimba uye musha.

Zvinonzi aidaviravo kuti huru nzendo nesayenzi kwoupfumi sezvo yakazvimirira chirango kwakaitika chete 16-17 emakore. Izvi zvakaitika panguva chidzoke ari capitalist hurongwa. Panguva ino vakatanga kuva kutaurirana mukati zvebhizimisi uye pakati mhuri akatanga kuumba dzakawanda uye nyika pamisika. Hurumende kuramba vakatanga kuteerera upfumi upenyu hwevanhu. Izvi zvose chaiva chikonzero kuti vakwanise kufambiswa chirango iri kugadzirwa uye kudyiwa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

The chikuru zvokukura kukura zvinosanganisira zvoupfumi uye chidzoke enyika upfumi. izwi idzva ichi pakutanga akazviratidza muzana remakore rechi17. pashure bhuku Antuana De Montchretien - Economist kubva kuFrance. Labor, yainzi "A yekutanga musi Political Economy", akakurukura dzidziso kudiwa zvachose hurumende kudzora aripo musika. Hapasisina vaitirei mhuri zvakanaka. Political upfumi akatanga kumiririra sayenzi mitemo paumbwe pamusika National. Nemamwe mashoko, chirango rave yekudyidzana akawedzera kutsanangurwa kuferefeta kwayo. Aya huru matanho kukura upfumi sayenzi (zvishoma).

Pari, dzidziso kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa siyana nhumbi imwe neimwe nyika inonzi dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna Turkey, uye Sweden ndiyo "nyika upfumi", uye izwi iri Finnish machemero se "dzidziso upfumi." MuRussia ano, zita chirango "mukuru upfumi pfungwa."

nyaya dzokudzidza

Dzimwe nguva dzose, nezvoupfumi vanofarira zvakawanda anosangana vanhu. Ndokusaka hapana yunifomu dudziro yacho nyaya nechirango. Nepo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti sayenzi inotaura zvinhu zvakanaka vanhu, nepo vamwe vakati kuti dzidziso anosarudza sangano kudyiwa uye exchange. Paiva nezvimwe pfungwa dzakawanda.

Modern dzezvoupfumi rinobva ndechokuti chinhu yawo kudzidza ndiko dambudziko shoma pfuma munharaunda uye zvisingaperi zvinhu dzevanhu zvavanoda. Mazuva ano vanhu kurangwa anopedza dambudziko nezvokuwana kunonyanyisa vabatsirwe panguva yakaderera mutengo chakakonzerwa namaneja.

Economic Sciences Hurongwa chinhu vakawanda dzidziso. In chirango ichi pane chikuru zvikamu zvitatu:

- Nhanganyaya upfumi pfungwa;
- Microeconomics;
- macroeconomics.

zvikamu zvose sayenzi zvoupfumi vane chinokosha zvikuru. Zvisinei, kutanga kwavo kukosha. It anoita chinokosha uye methodological zvinhu. Ndokusaka hazvibviri pasina kudzidza kukura zvose micro- uye macroeconomics.

Chikamu chechipiri inoongorora sayenzi duku ezvoupfumi dzakabatana, achipa tsanangudzo zvisarudzo zvakaitwa makambani uye nevanhu. Kana macroeconomic, kune Chiitiko makuru-pamwero kudzidza kumusika, zvichiguma pachiyero ehurumende uye nzanga. The zvikamu dzezvoupfumi zvakajeka kusiyana chechipiri nechechitatu vasina. Micro- uye macroeconomics zviri pedyo nepedyo. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti zvose Pazvisarudzo akatorwa pachiyero zvoupfumi masangano, vane zvakananga simba pamusoro paumbwe pamusika National.

Mabasa chirango zvoupfumi

Chii basa nesayenzi ari kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa zvakanakira vanhu? The chikuru basa hwenyika - zvishande. Discipline rinotsanangura, muchidimbu uye rinotsanangura ose dzinotsanagura kugadzirwa uye kudya.

Economic Sciences maitiro anobva upfumi, inova huru methodological hwaro zvose nzira yayo. Ndiro huru basa chirango ichi chechipiri. Dzidziso, maturusi uye zvokuridzira kudzidza upfumi wezvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri, zvekufambisa, Eenhede uye zvichingodaro. D.

sainzi Economic anoshumira kushandisika. Rinoreva zvose zvinodiwa uye pamamiriro matanho nezviyero kuti zvinokosha kubudirira kwenzanga pane imwe padanho kwayo kukura.

Kune sayenzi vamwe zveupfumi. chikuru basa ravo kuongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana hwomunhu nemagariro maitiro. sayenzi izvi zvinosanganisira evanhu uye sayenzi enyika, uye zvepfungwa. Nyaya yacho anoranga aya bindepinde pamwe nenyaya nokudzidza upfumi dzidziso.

nzira

Nyaya vaiona chero sainzi, anodzidzwa nokubatsira vamwe nzira. Nzira dzezvoupfumi akasiyana. Dzavo mazita zvinosanganisira:

1. Formal zvisingarambiki. Kunoitawo zvoupfumi mananara vari kudzidza kuburikidza chimiro chavo uye mamiriro.
2. Analysis. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kudzidza nyaya yacho nerimwe mugove yoga.
3. Induction. Nzira iyi kutevera kubva zvikurukuru mukuru, uye kuvakwa maererano yakaunganidzwa zvinhu zvikuru dzidziso.
4. yaanobhadhara. Inokosha pamusoro nzira iri kuvaka hypotheses ayo zvino kuenzaniswa chokwadi.
5. Kuenzanisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira, kuratidza kufanana uye kusiyana pakati pezvakaitwa uye mananara uye anobvumira kuziva mashoko matsva kutogona.
6. The Fananidzo. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kuchinjwa zvimwe zvivako vaifanira kudzidza Chiitiko ane USINGAZIKAMWI.
7. Dialectics. Chinhu nzira kuti anoshandisa zvakawanda nzira dzakasiyana kudzidza.
8. yesayenzi abstraction. It presupposes kusashanduka zvose mananara upfumi bhora, kuwedzera vari kudzidza.
9. Nhoroondo nzira. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kufungidzira unhu iyo vane zvakasiyana zvoupfumi.
10. The musoro nzira. Kushandiswa kwaro inopa achichinja kubva nyore kune zvakawanda zvakaoma.

Huripo nzira zvoupfumi zvinosanganisira ezvoupfumi uye akarongeka Modelling. Zviri tsananguro itsanangudzo chaicho. muenzaniso rakadaro kubatsira kuona mhaka dzakasiyana-siyana ezvoupfumi mananara, kuchinja dzavo, mapatani, uye zvakamubaya kuti vanogona kutakura.

Mabviro dzezvoupfumi

Systematization kuchikosha nokuda evanhu, chirango chakanga kufanana pakagadzwa States. The zvokukura sayenzi zvoupfumi rokutanga vaiva ichatonga zvine mbiri Ancient World. Kwakatangira chirango ichi zvinoratidzwa mabasa vazivi uye zvimwe ehurumende nemagavhuna. nevafungi Ava vakatsvaka kuti idealize muranda Society uye dzinongoitika upfumi, kuvimba nemitemo nezvetsika, tsika uye magariro.

The kutanga zvinhu zvokukura kukura zvoupfumi vave vakayambuka vazivi muGirisi yekare. Mune zvaakanyora, ivo systematized kunyengedzwa sketchy Pfungwa kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa upfumi. Saka paiva kwaita kurangwa idzva, iro rine yesayenzi chitarisiko.

The mazita akakurumbira nevafungi vari Xenophon, Plato naAristotle. Uye chikuru nzendo pakukura zvoupfumi kubva pakutanga kusvika mazuva ano, hazvibviri kurondedzera pasina kutaura masayendisiti izvi. Mushure zvose, Plato kuti pfungwa "upfumi" wakatangwa. muzivi yokutanga yakaita vachiedza dzatinogona yacho yakarurama weboka basa uye vanozivikanwa sectors zvakadai zvokutengeserana, raanoziva uye kurima. Xenophon zvinodiwa kuti kurima uye dzinongoitika pfungwa nokuvapo vakasununguka nevaranda.

Kukuru mupiro kukura sayenzi zvoupfumi kwakaitwa Plato. Akasika dzidziso akakodzera mamiriro, hwaro nokuvapo inova kururamisira. Maererano naye, zvakadaro magariro wose anofanira kuita chete zvaari kuita zvikuru.

Batsirawo Kuti kukura sayenzi zvoupfumi kwakaita uye Aristotle. mabasa ake kwakaratidza munzvimbo dzose ruzivo kuti aivapo panguva iyoyo. Maererano Aristotle, uranda - ndiyo hwaro chero zvekufamba zvemitemo, uye varanda - Ezvemutauro mupenyu. Zvisinei, akataura kuti munhu haagoni kurarama kunze ehurumende uye nzanga.

Development sayenzi zvoupfumi zvichabviswa mberi munguva unoita feudal upfumi. Panyaya iyi, dzidziso kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa upfumi yakanga zvechitendero. In zvakanyorwa vazivi kuMiddle Ages nayo akaruramiswa upfumi kutonga pakati Ecclesiastical uye enyika feudal madzishe. Mumwe masayendisiti ava Arab yokutungamirira, muzivi uye wenhau Ibn Khaldun.

The chikuru zvokukura kukura zvoupfumi uye zvoupfumi nehurongwa hazvigoni kurondedzerwa pasina mabhuku mabasa ake. Ibn Khaldun vakasimbirira zvachose makaro uye rasa zvinhu, isakarurama akataura pamusoro makuru usurious kwema uye kwakauraya munhu omutsa kutengeserana. Kusiyana dzidziso nevazivi zvenyika yekare, muArabhia muzivi akamutsa mari akaita muchimiro mari yendarama nesirivha, kupinda muchikwata chezvinhu chinokosha muupenyu zvoupfumi.

In Western Europe, rinonyatsooneka vanyori zvoupfumi pfungwa muMiddle Ages vaiva St. Augustine uye Foma Akvinsky. The rokutanga vazivi ava vaviri vakasimbirira kudiwa inoshanda basa, achitaura pfungwa wakaenzana mupfungwa nomumuviri kugwinya. Panguva iyoyowo anofunga akasarangarira chivi chikuru kuwana zvokutengeserana purofiti uye usurious mabasa.

Maererano dzidziso Fomy Akvinskogo, zvinhu zvose zviri munyika hamuzi vanhu asi kuna Mwari. Ndokusaka achifanira kuva mukuru zvakasikwa. Muzivi akashora mhindu, asi akaramba ari kudiwa nokuvapo munzanga uye chaiyo.

Pokugadzwa zvikoro zvoupfumi dzidziso

Ndokuguma mumazuva yerima Ages. Asi zvinokosha matambudziko nesayenzi zvoupfumi havana kugadziriswa. Ivo kwaisanganisira kuti vazivi kunyika yekare munyika uye kuMiddle Ages vaisagona kuita dzidziso chete. meso avo akanga Chidimbu hunhu.

The Renaissance aiva yokusika wechikoro rokutanga upfumi dzidziso. Iye ainzi mercantilism kuti "vagotengeseranamo" anorevei muchiLatin. Vateveri pfungwa iyi yaizivikanwa fuma rudzi nesirivha nendarama, panobva unova nokure wokufambisa. The vamiririri chikoro ichi vakanga vasiri theorists. Vazhinji vavo vakanga vatengesi-navigators.

Nemazuva iwayo zvakwakange kune vakaitwa mukuru zvakawanwa nenzvimbo, yakaumbwa mangwanani mercantilism. Actual mirayiridzo iyi raiva pakati remakore rechi16. Vamiririri chikoro ichi akaona chete epamutemo Tingawedzera upfumi. Ivo wairambidza aina goridhe nesirivha, uyewo kurambidza imupota kushandiswa.

Kubva rechi16 mid-rechi17 aiva mambakwedza kunonoka mercantilism. Panobva kudzidzisa ichi chikoro chaiva kuwedzera chekubuda kunze kwenyika, zvichienzaniswa kupinzwa nhumbi. Vateveri pachikoro mukupera mercantilism aidavira kuti nyika ichava kupfuma, apo kuramba kushingaira wezvokutengeserana mwero. The vamiririri ichi muitiro vaibvumirwa kuita ekisipoti kunze yendarama nesirivha. Izvi rinobvumira zvakanaka dzaishandiswa zveefa. Panguva iyoyowo, zvainoreva mabasa kuzviuru guru uye kwekurasira zvikuru nomufambi.

Zvinetso nemasayendisiti zvoupfumi kubva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18. Anogadziriswa dzidziso Physiocrats. On hwaro ichi chikoro French nezvoupfumi akasikwa.

Physiocrats vakati kunobva pfuma chero rudzi ndiko nokure zvinhu kugadzirwa, kwete wokufambisa. Panguva iyoyo vanotaura pamusoro kukosha zvokurima basa chete. Vateveri dzidziso iyi vanokamurwa vanhu ose nemakirasi matatu:

- varimi;
- Nyika varidzi;
- zvimwe zvizvarwa zvose.

Wokupedzisira makirasi aya matatu Physiocrats ainzi asingabereki.

Classical School of Political Economy

Zita iri kuitika ichokwadi kuti masayendisiti hunhu methodologies dzavo uye zvokufungidzira. School Enyika Economy akazviratidza mukupera kwezana remakore rechi17., Kusvika Parainge muna 18-19 emakore. Kukura ichi kuitika zvinogona dzinounzwa kuna muzvikamu zvina. Chokutanga izvi wakabva mugumo 17 kusvika yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18. Ndiyo yaiva nguva apo kukurumidza kukura musika upfumi uye zvoupfumi pfungwa rinotarisa nokure kugadzirwa. The vamiririri chikoro ichi chaisanganisira wokuEngland Uilyam Petti uye wokuFrance Pierre Buagilberg vakati kuti rudzi akafuma kwete chete nokuda zvinokosha simbi. Rinokosha kutamba sezvo mumba uye nyika, zvinhu uye ngarava.

Mumakore rechitatu rechi18. danho rechipiri kukura dzenhoroondo enyika upfumi. Iyi zvakanyorwa mabasa Adam Smith - wokuScotland muzivi uye Economist. Akaita kubatsira chaizvo kuti kukura upfumi, mamiriro kurangwa somunhu coherent pfungwa, kuwana ukama pakati ose zvinhu zvayo. Adam Smith vakati kuti chete udyire chinokurudzira munhu zvoupfumi basa. Maererano muzivi, vanhu vose vanoda kuunganidza pfuma uye kuvandudza mamiriro avo emari. Muchiitiko chino, rinoitwa munhu basa kunoita kuti pavapenyu munzanga. Muzivi vaidavira kuti mitemo dzezvoupfumi kuchaita unoshanda chete mumamiriro ezvinhu rusununguko makwikwi uye rusununguko kufambira guru, zvinhu uye mari.

Muhafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19. The danho wechitatu enyika upfumi chikoro. Iri raiva nguva apo vakawanda dzakabudirira paakapedza kwemaindasitiri.

A mumiririri akakurumbira pachikoro ichi raiva D. Ricardo. Ndivo kusikwa political dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi rakapera. Riccardo undoubted munorumbidzirweiko kwayo mharidzo chirango nenzira watodaro uye achirayira zvinowanikwa panguva ruzivo zvoupfumi. Masayendisiti akagadzira dzidziso okufananidza zvinobatsira, yaishanda sezvo uchapupu kungoreva kunobatsira dzakawanda dzaishandiswa.

Nzvimbo anokosha zvoupfumi kukura vanhu zvave zviri wechina, wokupedzisira pavaipfuura kuchikoro dzenhoroondo enyika upfumi, iyo yakatanga kuvapo yaro yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Zvikuru vamiririri vesangano iri zvakanga John Stuart Mill uye Karl Marx.

In basa ravo, masayendisiti akavimba zvokudya wechikoro chekare, asi panguva iyoyo akaisa mberi itsva pfungwa. Vaiitirana nharo dzokuti kudiwa nehurumende kuita mari uye vanotarisirwa kutanga kwenzanga, takataura pamusoro mugovanisi hurongwa, kudzivirira uye kudzivirira zvido rwekuita mukirasi. Saka, Karl Marx akasika dzidziso zvisingadzivisiki kuparadzwa capitalism uye zvichiita sangano kwenzanga pasina private pfuma, iyo gare gare haana yasimbiswa uchidzidzira.

zvikoro ano

Yakawanda Maitiro itsva zvoupfumi rave akaumba pakutanga kwezana rechi19 uye rechi20 emakore. zvikoro izvi vanoonekwa kuti ano. Panguva apo sayenzi zveupfumi rakaiswa hunhu, akaumba pakutevedzera akadai institutionalism. Zita iri rinoreva "nezvaaiita", uye "tsika" uye "murayiro".

The chikuru zvokukura kukura zvoupfumi kuti institutionalism ari nokuongorora siyana mabhora munzanga. Asi chikoro ichi, kusafanana zvose vamwe, kunobva pfungwa "munzanga kudzora" pamusoro zvoupfumi bhora.

Institutionalism akapfuura matatu ayo nezvishoma. End wokutanga navo 20-30-ies remakore rechi20. Chechipiri danho chakavapo kusvikira 60-70s. Yaiva nguva kufunga wevanotungamirira matambudziko, kudzidzwa wesangano rinomirira rwokufamba kupokanidzana vaivapo muna socio-upfumi kukura capitalism. In pachikuva rechitatu vamiririri chikoro kudzidza migumisiro kwemasayendisiti kuitika zvoupfumi bhora kusvika evanhu upenyu.

Institutionalism ane dzakawanda mirayiridzo:

- social uye zviri pamutemo;
- mupfungwa;
- mikana uye Statistical.

Pakati itsva dzinoitwa zveupfumi pachena Marginalism. Vamiririri ayo akanga yokutanga munhoroondo sayenzi vakaedza kuongorora Chiitiko mumusika achishandisa kwemasvomhu nzira, akateya nheyo dzidziso kuparadzirwa nemauto zvibereko, kutsanangura maitiro evanhu yavo chido maximize utility uye zvichingodaro. D.

Panewo itsva zvoupfumi dzidziso, kufanana Keynesianism uye chiNazi Keynesianism, dirigisme uye post-Keynesianism, monetarism uye neoliberalism.