Zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu - vourawa pfungwa uye sei kunoratidzwa?

Zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu - vanzwisise zvikuru soMunyengetero yokutama. Maitikiro umo kuchinja nzvimbo dzokugara vanhu kana evanhu mapoka, sezviri Kutama yavo imwe nyika, nenzvimbo nzvimbo kana nharaunda.

Zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu mune dzimwe nyika

Padanho vaitamira wayo mirayiridzo zvinosiyana yekudyidzana munyika dzakasiyana. Nokuti Somuenzaniso, zvokuimba kufamba chavagari North America kunoratidzwa vaitamira kukura. Nemamwe mashoko, nhamba kusvika pano kwenguva refu kana zvachose dzokugara kupfuura nhamba kusiya. Mune dzimwe nyika, somuenzaniso, kuAzerbaijan pane Ivan Kuchin ukama. Zvokuimba kufamba chavagari kuRussia kunoratidzwa zvepanyama kuderera kuti 75% ndanyarara hangu ne yokutama. Russia iri vhoriyamu wayo rakava munyika rechitatu, chete wechipiri kuUnited States uye Germany. About ¾ vevanhu - kutaura nevanhu pamusoro Kishi inoti.

Kutama munyika yakafara uye yakamanikana pfungwa

Mupfungwa yakakura, zvinonzi sechinhu chero kwevanhu. In yakamanikana, iye rinoreva mharadzano kumuganhu nzvimbo umo kuchinja nzvimbo yokugara kana kwenguva refu kana nokusingaperi.

External uye zvemukati kutama

Kutama inogona Classified akawanda chikonzero. Somuenzaniso, zvichienderana nokuti chimiro ndiye mharadzano kumuganhu vokuparidzira, dzomutauro ayo zvinotevera.

• Internal vaitamira - ndiye kwevanhu mukati mumwe mamiriro pakati zvoupfumi-tsaukana kana administrative munzvimbo, nzvimbo (kutamira mumusha nomusha, kubva mumaguta, mumusha guta, kubva mumaguta).
• External vaitamira zvinoreva mharadzano kumuganhu wenyika nyika. Hunosanganisira immigration uye kuenda kumwe.

Kuenda kumwe uye immigration

Tichataura pamusoro kusiyana izvi zviviri pfungwa yakafanana-vachiridza. Shoko "kuenda kumwe" rinobva muchiLatin rinoreva "rakazogarwazve", "vakadzingwa". Saka zvokuimba kufamba chavagari yainzi mazambuko (kumanikidzwa kana yokuzvidira, akarongeka kana giravhiti) mune imwe State kuti vagari venguva duku kuti kwenguva yakareba, kana sezvo zvachose. Kazhinji, inobatanidzwa nokuchinja citizenship.

Shoko "immigration" uye ane Latin mavambo uye rinoreva "Iite". Izvi zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu - ndiwo kupinda yake kunyika iri nguva (nguva) kana wechigarire dzokugara, kunyanya kuchinja chizvarwa.

Kutama mu demography anonzi chinokosha mumwe muinonzi "kubereka vemo." Kubva chinzvimbo ichi chinowanzoonekwa rinorondedzerwa so zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu.

Quantitative zviratidzi of zvokuimba kufamba vokuparidzira

Nokudzidza kutama, uyewo mamwe mananara chokuita Uwandu Hwevanhu, zvakakosha kuziva kuti avo quantitative maitiro. Zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu - kutanga kuti ane rusaruro anogara chero ndima (guta, nharaunda, nyika, etc.) wakapatsanurwa nokusvika vanobva kunze uye kwetsvina kunze.

Pakuenzanisa kutama (vaitamira mambure kana mambure vaitamira) rinomirira musiyano pakati uwandu vanosvika uye kusimuka kuti pamamiriro yakareba. Pane imwe chakarurama inokosha. Bhuku rino yokutama. Inonzi Verengai kusvika uye kusimuka. Volume vaitamira anonziwo chakakomba kutama kana kwakakomba yokutama.

Chinogona kutaurwa nhamba vanosvika uye kusimuka mu nemhedziso nhamba anotigonesa kuti kuona rose zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu. maonero ichi, zvisinei, haritauri kusimba nedanho mubereko. Handiti, pane ukama pakati zvachose kwevanhu uye uwandu kusimuka uye vanosvika, iro rinogona kucherechedzwa. Naizvozvo, zvokuimba kufamba chavagari dzinoratidzwa anoverengeka hama unongotaura. We kwamuri pamusoro kukosha.

hama zviratidzi

Kutama kuchinyanya hunoyerwa sezvo hama zviratidzo, vanonzi coefficients pakudzama kwayo. We nyorai zvihombe.

• Kusvika zvazvingava (kunzi R) - nhamba nhamba vanosvika kuna VOKUPARIDZIRA nharaunda kupiwa.
• Coefficient kuti inoraswa (Ap) - nhamba pamudyandigere nevanhu mundima.
• The hama kuwana kutama (KC) - nhamba musiyano pakati kusvika uye kusimuka vanhu vemo.
• Total mufambo reshiyo (CR) - iri nhamba mavambo uye rwendo, ndiko kuti, vose kufamba dzinotama, neuwandu vagari nharaunda kupiwa.

Ndivo dzinokosha parameters ari zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu.

Zvinoumba vaitamira

Kazhinji panguva vaitamira kuongorora zvinokosha kuti kuputsa kupinda yoga zvinoriumba. Rondedzera muchidimbu anokosha vavo. Kazhinji dzinounzwa vaitamira Rwako. boka iri vanotama vane nevakawanda nzvimbo asvika kana inoraswa. Unogona kudana uye mumwe chezvinonhuwira chikamu, iyo kazhinji kunoratidzwa nevatsvakurudzi. Zviri pamusoro vaitamira nevarwi inomirira muunganidzwa nezvevanhu vane vaitamira nguva.

Zvinoumba vanhu vanobatanidzwa mune zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu - asiwo chokwadi kuti zvinokosha zvikuru. vanhu ava vanoonekwa ne munzanga, zera uye munhui, nyika uye vamwe. pazvo, vaitamira mufambo pakati pemapoka heterogeneous kwevanhu. The Zvinoumba vanotama kunotungamirira zvinokosha kuchinja chimiro chavagari muzvinhu yokusvika uye nzvimbo mavambo.

Communication Demographics uye kutama

Zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu kwakabatana dzakananga zviitiko zvoupenyu hwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, pamwe magumo kana pakutanga basa, kuguma kupfungwa ane dzidzo, basa rechiuto, zvichingodaro Mhedziso uye. The kugumiswa muchato, kuzvarwa vana, uye dzimwe zviitiko chokuita wevanotungamirira kutenderera - chinokosha wose upenyu. Naizvozvo, nzira nechokuita Demographics (zvemhuri chinzvimbo, zera uye nhamba nezvimwewo), kuchikosha simba pamusoro pezvakaitwa chokuita yokutama. Ndivo chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinodiwa iyo pachena boka nevanhu vari kudzidza kwayo zvokuimba inofamba.

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, mapoka akasiyana vanoonekwa ne zvakasiyana mufambo. Kutama, iro akadzidza panyaya yacho kuchinyanya zviratidzi mukati munhu Mapato vokuparidzira, rinonzi differential. tsvakurudzo wake kunokosha kuti kunzwisisa kusiyana kuti chiratidzo zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu pakati kumatunhu, zera, dzinza, socio-nyanzvi uye mamwe mapoka. Kudzidza kwakadai vaitamira kunyanya kuteerera kusiyana kuripo munguva mumapoka. Pashure pezvose, shamwari idzi zvakasiyana-siyana panyaya yacho zvokuimba kufamba kwevanhu.

Kutama kuwirirana ne munhurume

Zviratidzi vaitamira mufambo zvinosiyanawo zvichienderana chechikadzi. Pakati vanotama munyika dzakawanda inoratidza zvakanakira vanhu. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu haasi nokudenga. Mune dzimwe nyika, mune dzimwe nguva pakanga dziine vakadzi iri dzinotama Rwako. Somuenzaniso, muna Europe kare yakanga dzaitongwa kwakanaka bonde pakati akarega basa. On hwaro ichi, E. Reyvenstayn, Chirungu akaongorora remakore rechi19, akasika mitemo empirical kuti yokutama. Mune mumwe wavo zvainzi kuti vakadzi vakawanda vangangova tama kupfuura vanhu.

Nhamba yevana uye kwevakaroorana chinzvimbo

Nhamba yevana vari mumhuri uye kwevakaroorana chinzvimbo inobvawo pamusoro mufambo vemo. Zvisinei, ukama izvi hazvisi izvo chete-kuzviitirwa, sezvakaitwa inotifadza wakakodzera kusimba muitiro nezera. Kwete vana chete kunogona yokutama mufambo. Uyewo, nhamba yavo inogona pakutsvaga mwero mufambo. Somuenzaniso, kana mhuri yakatama kakawanda, zvingaita kumbosendeka nyaya rokuzvarwa zvevana. Somugumisiro, nhamba kunoderedza.

Kuwanda kubereka

Kutama mufambo chavagari ane nezvainoita mwero unyatsoshanda dzinotsanagura kubereka. Uye ichi chinoenderana kubereka zvose namahwindo uye rakavhurika kwevanhu. Mukupera nyaya, yokutama kuchinja sezvamunoita uye kukura zvakananga. Inochinja mune zvepabonde uye zera zvikuru kukosha. Kana vanhu vakawanda pakati vanotama, uyewo kana pakati pavo pane mukuru chikamu vamiririri mapoka muduku kushanda zera (makore 16-30), pane feminization wevagari mundima iyi. Uyezve, inotungamirira wayo kukwegura munzvimbo dzine mudyandigere uye yakakwirira nhamba majaya munzvimbo ugari.

Mechanical uye Inokosha

In mhedziso, ndinoda kuona musiyano pakati maviri pfungwa inokosha. Mechanical uye chaiwo kufamba kwevanhu - ichi hachisi chinhu chimwe. Natural kufamba - ichi kubereka. About ukama hwake yokutama, takataura zvishoma munyaya ino. It kunoratidzwa padanho dzinongoitika kukura, vanofa, wokubereka, upenyu anotarisirwa. Zviratidzi rwokuzvarwa kukura, hunofa ibereke kunowanzoratidzirwa quantitatively muzvikamu por miriyoni paminiti zviuru vagari.