Zviratidzo uye basa remunharaunda. Zviratidzo zvemhuri yemhuri. Mhuri iri ...

Mharaunda mapoka evanhu vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo (guta, musha, musha, kugadzirisa) uye vanobatanidzwa nevakawanda mune zvekunamata, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehupfumi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvavanonyanya kuita ndezvizvi: nhengo imwe neimwe inoziva kuti iye ndeyekusiyana zvakasiyana nevamwe. Nharaunda iyi inoratidziro yehu-sangano revanhu. Tinokumbira kuti tinyatsoziva naye mune zvakawanda.

Mharaunda mupfungwa yakafara

Muchidimbu chakareba, zvikwata ndezvimwe zvikwata zvevanhu vanobatana pamwe chete zvakagadzirwa kare. Ukama uhwu hunokonzerwa nenzvimbo yekugara (mumaguta kana mumaruwa), nhengo dzevhengo dzaro kune imwe nzvimbo yekutenda (kureurura), kufanana kwemabasa (unyanzvi). Mukuwedzera, mharaunda ishamwari dzine nhengo dzinogona kusanganiswa nenzvimbo imwe chete yekuberekwa kana kuti yeumwe rudzi rwemarudzi. Izvi zvinoshanda kune vanhu vanogara kunze kwenyika yavo yekare (nyika).

Community in the narrow sense

Mune pfungwa shoma, nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana zvehutano hwevanhu huripo, iyo inofungidzirwa kuva pakati pevakuru. Izvo zvinhumba zvekutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwemarudzi ose. Munhu mumwe chete, kana boka rine vanhu vanoverengeka muzera remakore ekutanga, sekutonga, haringagoni kurarama. Zvaive zvakaoma kwaari kuti azvipe pachedu zvishoma zvishoma nezvigadzirwa uye zvinhu zvakakosha. Nokudaro, vanhu vaifanira kugadzira mizinda yakawanda kuitira kuti vagadzirise hupfumi pamwechete. Panguva imwe chete ivo vakabatana maererano nehutano hweropa - chiratidzo chikuru chepanyama. Saka kwaiva nehukama hwemhuri. Tsanangudzo yaro ndeyotevera: inobatanidza hama dzinobatanidzwa mukurima. Muchikamu chekutanga chekusimudzirwa kwemadzinza emarudzi, ichi chaiva kusaka, nekuunganidza-uye, pakupedzisira, kubereka kwemombe uye / kana kurima.

Mabasa emunharaunda

Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo hurumende yakanga isati yambovapo, hukama hwose hwakabatana nechitendero, hupfumi, hukama hwemhuri uye hwemhuri hwakanyanyiswa munzvimbo dzevanhu. Yakapa nhengo dzayo nezvose zvakakosha, yaiva yenyama yakakwana. Nharaunda yacho yaive nemhuri dzakasiyana, chimiro uye chiyero chaive chichitenderera pane zvaive zviitiko zvekusimudzirwa kweikubudirira. Nharaunda pakutanga kwekuvapo kwayo kazhinji yakabatana nemhuri. Rudzi rwaiva kubatana kwevanhu vakawanda. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakarongeka yevanhu kare.

Imba, kana nzvimbo yemhuri

Imba, kana mhuri yemhuri inonzi inofanirwa kuva rudzi rwemhuri. Ndezvipi zvayo? Zviratidzo zvemagariro evanhu vemhando iyi ndeyotevera. Inosanganisira mhuri huru, ine zvikamu zvitatu kusvika kune zvishanu zvehama dzepedyo. Mushure mokuberekwa kwemombe kana hutano hwakatanga kuumba hwaro hwehupfumi hwemunharaunda, basa revanhu varo vane ruzivo rwakawedzera. Vakatumidzwa vakuru. Vakava varongzeri vebasa pamwe chete, vatungamiriri vechitendero, vatungamiri vehondo dzehondo. Vanhu ava vaiva nehutano hwakakodzera pamberi pevamwe nhengo dzemunharaunda. Pachikoro cheVatungamiri veMaso nevakuru, masayendisiti mazuva ano anoona hutachiwana hwehupfumi uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu.

Community territorial

Kuziva kweropa rekubatanidza ropa pakati pevanhu vemunharaunda pamwe nekuwedzera kwenhamba yehama kusina simba. Nhengo dzose dziri kure dzomumhuri dzakagara pedyo nemumwe. Vamwe vakatanga kusika mhuri kunze kwenharaunda. Nokudaro, mukubatana kwevanhu, kwete zvose zviratidzo zvemadzinza emarudzi zvakachengetwa. Kutsiva iyo muhutano hwekushanduka-shanduka kwakauya munharaunda, kana muvakidzani. Kubatana kwevanhu kwakaitika munyaya iyi zvichienderana nekusvika kwekugara kwavo.

Basa remunharaunda mushure mokubuda kwehurumende

Nharaunda yacho yakaumbwa nemhuri imwe neimwe yakanga ichimhanya purazi ravo. Aive nehurumende yega yega kana yakakwana. Kazhinji kacho, nzvimbo yakapoteredza yakabatana varimi vakasununguka. Maererano nehurumende, aive nechinzvimbo chepamusoro.

Nharaunda munyika dzenyika yekare yakaita basa rekubatana kwekutanga kwehutano hwevanhu, izvo zvisingaoneki zvayo masero. Ndiye iye aive ari pasi pekuteresa mitero (mitero) nekupa varwi zvehondo. Nharaunda yaiwanzoshandurwa kuva yezvematongerwe enyika-nzvimbo yehurumende. Muchikamu chayo, hukama hwakatungamirirwa nemutemo usina kunyorwa, mutsika, uye mushure mechinguva ivo vakagadzirirwa nekubatsirwa nemitemo yehurumende. Chero bedzi vanhu vomunharaunda vaiita mabasa kune hurumende, kazhinji hazvina kupindira munyaya dzayo. Izvi zvakagadziriswa neiyo inonzi inonzi chibvumirano chechipiri, icho chakashanda mukati memunharaunda. Zvaireva kuti nhengo dzake dzose dzaiva nehanya kune vamwe vose.

Nomadic community

Iko rudzi rwehupfumi hwevanhu rwakanga rwuchienderana nekuonekwa kweruzhinji rwemunharaunda. Nomadic, somuenzaniso, akaparadzira mafuro, akaronga kuzvidavirira munguva dze njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kurasika kwemombe. Mamwe marudzi ainzi Nomadic aifanira kurinda boka ravo nguva dzose, saka vaine sangano rekusingaperi remauto.

Inzvimbo yezvekurima

Nzvimbo yekurima yaive yakasiyana. Basa rayo guru raiva yekugadzirisa mararamiro uye hukama hwepasi hunotangira pakati pevanhu vayo. Tinocherechedza chikamu chinokosha chemunharaunda: kushandiswa kwemazhinji emvura, masango emasango nemafuro. Mune imwe neimwe yehupenyu, yakanga ine zvimene zvayo, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehurumende uye simba rehurumende, kuwanika kwenyika yakakodzera yekurima. Semuenzaniso, mumarudzi evanhu vekuAsia yekare uye mumaruwa eEast yekare, mhuri imwe neimwe yakagamuchira mugove wayo yegore rekurima. Ichi chigove chaiva chemunharaunda, uye nyika yaiva muridzi wenyika. MuRoma yekare neGreece yekare, imwe nharaunda yacho yaiva nekodzero yekugoverwa kwake. Asi nzira yekubuda nayo yakaita kuti varasikirwa. Nhengo dzeGermany yepakati pezana remakore ekumazana (iyo inonzi marita) yakanga ine kodzero dzisina mvumo kune zvikamu. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabasa evanhu vomunzvimbo yacho aireva nyaya dzekutonga uye kushandiswa kwenyika dzakajairika.

Nzira yekurasikirwa kwebasa nemunharaunda

Sei chimiro ichi chokubatanidza vanhu chinoparadzana? Ngatitarisei pazvikonzero zvikuru. Somugumisiro wekuti vagari vomunharaunda vakawedzera zvakanyanya, kwaiva nekushaikwa kwenyika yakakodzera yekugadziriswa. Zvadaro zvakatanga kuzivisa zvipingamupinyi pahukuru hwekugovera. Vagari venyika vakava nzvimbo yekosi feudal sefodown landownership yakagadzirwa. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika uye kuzvidzora kwevanhu pachavo pane senor yakatanga kupararira. Panguva ino, nharaunda yakatanga kutarisa kubhadhara panguva yakakodzera yezvikwereti kune madzishe evanhu vanosimudzira varimi. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvakarasikirwa nemabasa ayo ekutonga, uye huri hurumende yayo yakava yakanyanya. Zvisinei, hapana chirongwa chekushandisa nyika dzaiva nemunharaunda, kana nzira dzokurima iyo nyika, nenzira chaiyo haina kuchinja chero panguva iyo. Izvo maitiro akasiyana pakati pemapoka evanhukadzi (India, Ancient Egypt, Tropical Africa, Medieval Japan, Oceania) yakagadziriswa nekupatsanurana zvakasimba mumasvingo.

Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinozivikanwa zvemusha

Basa rekurima rinokurumidza, iro raida basa rakawanda (kukohwa, kuchera, etc.) mune dzimwe nyika dzakagadzirirwa pamwe chete nhengo dzemunharaunda. Zvisarudzo zvakakosha zvikuru, kusanganisira mibvunzo pamusoro pekuparadzirwa kwemabasa akasiyana uye mitero yehurumende, yakatorwa nevarume pamisangano yakawanda. Nhau dzezvino dzaitungamirirwa nevakuru vemunharaunda. Akamiririrawo pamberi pehurumende vakuru.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemadzinza emarudzi takakanganwa kutaura? Izvo, pamwe chete nenharaunda, maitiro ehutano hwekufananidza mararamiro emagariro evanhu uye zvepfuma yevarimi. Mutoro mukuru wekutakura wakatakurwa nhengo dzawo dzakapfuma. Simba remunharaunda rairemekedza nhamba yevarimi vaiva chikamu chayo. Nokudaro, akaedza kudzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu ayo nhengo dzake dzaizoparadzwa.

Vanhu vomunharaunda vakafa sei?

Nharaunda munharaunda yakawanda ndiyo chiratidzo chinonyanya kukosha chekutanga-mafashoni, kana gorosi, sangano. Akafira kunyika dzakawanda muWestern Europe nekuda kwekuti madzishe evanhu vekutsvaga akatora zvachose nyika yake. Saka hupenyu hwemharaunda hwakaparadzwa. Zvisinei, izvi zvinowanzowanzoitika semugumisiro wekushandura kwemabhizimisi, kuumbwa kwehupenyu hwehutungamiri hwehupenyu, kusimbiswa kwehutano hwemari mumasangano, uyewo nekuda kwekugara kwemaguta, ndiko kuti, kukurumidza kukurumidza kweguta revanhu. Varimi vaenda kundoshanda mumaguta maiva nemabhizimisi makuru emabhizimisi. Izvi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaderedza dunhu racho. Mutoro wezvisungo zvakaiswa kune umwe neumwe wemitezo yawo yakakura. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupesana pakati pevarombo nevapfumi mairi kwakawedzerwa. Vokupedzisira vairemerwa nemitemo inogadziriswa nenharaunda pamusoro pekushandiswa kwenyika, uye vakaedza kubva mairi. Somugumisiro, akarasikirwa nhengo dzakapfuma zvikuru. Kuruboshwe vasina ivo, nharaunda yakakundikana kuzadzisa zvisungo zvakatarisirwa pairi nehurumende. Nokudaro, hurumende yakabvumidza kuparadzwa kwayo. Vanhu vakaguma kurarama senharaunda, kupatsana kweimba yavo kwakatanga. Cherechedza kuti marudzi akasiyana-siyana emunzvimbo yakapoteredza achiripo mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda muAfrica, Asia uye Latin America.