Zuva reChirangaridzo cheVaya vakaurayiwa neHolodomor: History uye Zvimwe

Zuva rekuyeuka kwevanotambura nenzara rinonyanya kutaurwa muzuva ranhasi reUkraine, asi dzimwe nyika dzine kodzero yekubata zviitiko zvakafanana. Kunyanya, nzara iri muU.SR, iyo yakaitika muna 1932-1933, chaizvo yakafukidza nzvimbo dzeKazakhstan, North Caucasus, nzvimbo yeVolga, Western Siberia, Belarus neUkraine. Kusvikira zvishoma, dambudziko iri rakapinda Armenia neAzerbaijan, nzvimbo dzekumabvazuva dzeU.SR panguva iyoyo, uyewo nzvimbo dzeMoscow nenharaunda dziri mberi nechokuchamhembe, kunyange zvazvo dzaidya panzvimbo yekubudisa michero yezvirimwa.

Nzara muRussia yakanga yakawanda kakawanda muzana remakore

MuRussia, iyo nguva yekare isati yasvika, makore enzara yakanga isati yambove yakakosha. Nokudaro, inofungidzirwa kuti kusakosha kwezvokudya kwakaonekwa muna 1880, 1892 (kunyanya gore rava nenzara), 1891, 1897-1898, mamiriro akafanana aiva muna 1901, 1905-1908, 1911 uye 1913. Asi chiyeuchidzo chevanhu vaHolodomor chakanga chisina kuremekedzwa nenzira ipi zvayo, sezvo, pasinei nekukohwa kwakaipa, pakanga pasina kuurayiwa kwakawanda pakati pevanhu. Asi paiva nekuderedza kwake zvakakwana mumagariro ehupenyu nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvikamu panzvimbo yezvinhu zvakakwana. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti hurumende yakaedza kumira migumisiro yekushaiwa kwezvirimwa nekugadzira zviyo zvezviyo uye kuipa kune avo vanoshayiwa mumakore enzara. Kunyanya, iyi sangano yakashanda zvikuru muna 1911.

Vakatambudzwa vekutanga nzara pasi pehurumende yeSoviet

Mamiriro acho akazoitika nenzira yakasiyana pashure peGreat October Socialist Revolution, yakateverwa neHondo yeVanhu. Uyezve, kuparadzwa kwehurumende tsarist kwakatangira neHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Mukusangana nedambudziko remasimba uye mhirizhonga iripo munyika, nzara yekutanga muSoviet nguva dzakanyoreswa muna 1921-1922, apo dambudziko rakaoma rakapera, izvo zvakawedzera matambudziko emasangano uye ehondo. Nzvimbo huru dzakakanganiswa ipapo dzaiva nzvimbo yeVolga uye Southern Urals. Zuva rekuyeuka avo vakaurayiwa nenzara muRussia hazvina kusimbiswa, kunyange zvazvo nhamba yevarwere inoshamisa - mamiriyoni mashanu evanhu. Mamiriro ezvinhu akanga akaoma zvikuru zvokuti hurumende yeBolshevik yakagamuchira rubatsiro rwekuMadokero uye yakabata maitiro mazhinji echechi pasi pekuda kubatsira vane nzara.

Mukufa kwevanhu ndiyo nzira yekupa mhosva here?

Kuyeuka kweavo vakaurayiwa nenzara yegore ra1932-1933 kunoremekedzwa zvikuru nokuti munguva iyi pakanga pasina zvinhu zvepanyama zvaidiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro - makore aya, kusiyana ne1921, 1946, akanga asina kubereka. Saka, murufu rwemamiriyoni evanhu, hurumende yeCommunist inoonekwa seine mhosva (maererano nemutemo wakagamuchirwa). Inobva pakuziva kuti kubvira muna 1927 hurumende yeU.SR yave ichivandudza zvirongwa zvekushandira pamwe zvakasimba mune zvekurima nenzira dzinomanikidzirwa, kubva pazvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri zvemazana emichero yezvirimwa zvibereko zvaive chikamu chehafu yenyika isati yatanga hondo. Kufuridzirwa kwakarongeka pane chikamu chakabudirira chevarimi, icho, mushure mokushandiswa kwayo, chakatungamirira kukuti vechidiki vechidiki vatizira kumaguta, uye vanenge 2 mamiriyoni evashandi vakangwara zvikuru vakatumirwa kumabvazuva kumativi enyika (uko nzara yakaratidzwa kusvika pfupi).

Kuparadzwa kwe "kulaks" kwakakonzera kudonha mune zvinodiwa zvevashandi

Zuva rekurangarira avo vakaurayiwa neHolodomor, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinogona kunyatsoonekwa pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvenguva refu zvehutungamiri hweSoviet, sezvo mutemo wakadaro wakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwemauto emagetsi uye kuora kukuru mune unyanzvi hwevashandi vezvekurima munzvimbo dzakavimbiswa zvikuru dzenyika ikozvino kusvika pakudyara kwegore ra1931. Kushayikwa kwehutano hwekurima huri pakati pevarimi vekurima varimi vekurima vakatungamirira kukuti minda yakanga isina kunyatsogadziriswa (kunyange iyo Red Army chikamu chakatumirwa kumasora), uye kukohwa kwakarashika kusvika kune chechishanu chezvirimwa zvose.

Kurasikirwa kwehafu yezvirimwa uye mamiriyoni maviri vakaurayiwa muKazakhstan

Zuva rekuyeuka avo vakaurayiwa nenzara muUkraine raisazombosimbiswa kana muna 1932, mune izvi, panguva iyoyo, republic Soviet, inenge makumi mana kubva muzana yezviyo zvose zvezviyo yakasara imire pamuzambiringa. Panguva imwe chete, inenge yakafanana nhamba (inenge 36%) inonyorwa mune zvinyorwa zvezviyo-kukura munzvimbo dzezasi nepamusoro Volga. Nokudaro, Ukraine mudambudziko rayo panguva iyoyo "vane vatarisi pamwe" - Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan. Ukuru hweUkraine ndeyekuti nzara yemakore iwayo yakavhara munharaunda yese yenharaunda yayo, saka vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika kare vanofunga zvisiri izvo kuti yakanga iri kutungamirirwa kurwisana nehurumende yeUkraine. MuKazakhstan, uko vanhu vasingayeuki avo vakaurayiwa nenzara, vanenge 2 mamiriyoni evanhu vakafa nekushaikwa kwezvokudya panguva imwe chete, apo hafu yevanhu vemunharaunda vakasiya nzvimbo yavo yekugara uye vakasara kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kubatwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima kwakange kune pamwe nekudzvinyirira

Ndeipi rini rangariro yevaya vanobatwa neHolodomor yekuyeuka muUkraine? Zuva remuitiko uyu rakagadzwa neUkraine mutungamiri L. Kuchma uye inowira Mugovera wekupedzisira weNovember (kubvira muna 1998). Kubvira muna 2000, zuva rino rinoremekedzwa kwete chete nekuyeuka kweavo vakaurayiwa nemakore enzara, asiwo nekuyeuka kweavo vanodzvinyirirwa, izvo mumakore makumi matatu ezana remakore rechi20 zvakanga zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwekare hweUUSS. Kunyanya, mugore ra1932-1933, munguva yenzara, mutemo "Pashanu WeSpikelets" yakagamuchirwa, apo kuedza kushaya nzara vanhu vari mumunda mazamu akawanda ezviyo aigona kupfurwa (zvinopfuura zviuru zviviri mitsara yakaitwa) kana kutongerwa (kutongerwa 52,000 vanhu). Uye izvi zvose zvakaitika maererano nekunze kwekutengesa kukuru kwezvinhu zvekurima nenzira dzakaipa. Vanhu vakadzingwa, kurohwa, kupfurwa, kuvarairwa, kuvigwa mumachira mumakomba, kutambudzwa, kumanikidzwa kunwa mvura yakavhenganiswa nefosheni, kuvhiringidza misha yavo, nezvimwewo. Nokudaro, anenge matani 593 ezviyo akagamuchirwa.

Iko huru pane yekuongorora kwevakafa

Kuyeuka kweavo vakaurawa neHolodomor munzvimbo dzose dzenyika dzakawanda mazuva ano zvinoremekedzwa, sezvavakanga vari hama dzevamwe vapenyu iye zvino. Uye chii chinoitika ipapo haufaniri kukanganwa, nokuti zviitiko zvemakore iwayo zvakanga zvakasuruvara. MuUkraine, muna 1933, kufa kune dzimwe nzvimbo kwakasvika zana kubva muzana, kusvika kune 25 000 pazuva pazuva, uye nhamba yevanhu vakaurawa yakanga iri, zvichienderana nekufungidzira kwakasiyana, kubva kumamiriyoni 4.6 (data kubva kuFrance vatsvakurudzi) kusvika kumamiriyoni gumi (mashoko kubva kuSouth Congress, zvichida , Kazhinji yeU.SR). Nhamba chaiyo haigoni kuzivikanwa kare, sezvo huwandu hweSoviet huri kurega kufunga nezvevanhu vakaurayiwa kubva munaEpril 1933, apo nhamba yavo yakaenda kuvanhu 2.42 mamiriyoni chete muUkraine. Mukuwedzera, inofungidzirwa kuti mumakore iwayo, nekuda kwekushaya nzara, mamiriyoni rimwe vana vechiKukraine vana vasina kuberekwa.

Vanhu vemazuva ano vanofanira kukudza chiyeuchidzo cheavo vakaurawa neHolodomor. Mifananidzo yemakore aya anotyisa anowanzotiratidza isu vanobva kumativi akasiyana ewaimbova USSR nemasara evanhu vavo. Yakazara, Ukraine yakanyorerwa zvakasununguka (zvakare, kusvika munaEpril 1933) inenge 2500 zvikamu zvekudya zvevanhu (kuuraya kwekupedzisira kushandiswa) uye kudya zvitunha zvevakafa. Zviitiko zvakadaro hazvifanirwe kudzokororwa, kunyanya kubva mumazuva ano mazana emamirioni evanhu vari pasi pano vari kutambura uye kuparadzwa nekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri.

Zuva Rokuyeuchidza Vakatambudzwa veHolodomor rine ikozvino pamwe chete iri nyaya yekufungidzira kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiri weUkraine V. Yushchenko akabudisa mutemo umo nzara muUkraine (panguva iyoyo) inonzi inoparwa, uye kuramba kwayo pachena kunorangwa nemutemo semutemo usingabvumirwi nemutemo unoshandiswa kukunyadzisa chiremerera chehurumende yechiUukraine, zvichikanganisa mamiriyoni evanhu vakafa. Sangano Rezvekune dzimwe nyika reRussian Federation rinotenda kuti kuziva nzara sehutongerwo enyika kune rumwe rutivi, sezvo kwete Ukrainians chete, asiwo mamwe marudzi akawanda akatambura.

Vanhu vokuUkraine vanongoremekedza chiyeuchidzo chevanhu vakaurayiwa neHolodomor. 2014 haina kuve yakasiyana neizvi - mumaguta akawanda maiva nezviitiko zvakakodzana nekuisa maruva kune zviyeuchidzo kune vakaurayiwa nedambudziko iri.

Chimwe chikonzero chezvikonzero zvekufa kwepamusoro muna 1932-1933.

Ongororo dzisina kufanira dzezvenhau dzakaoma dzeSoviet nhoroondo dzakanyora imwe chokwadi chaicho: pakati pevakafa vanhu pane imwe nhamba yeavo vasina kurasikirwa nemaviri vasati vaita dambudziko rekuzara nenzara, asi, asi, zvakasuruvara. Ichi chiitiko chekuzara kwegore ra1933, izvo zvisingaitiki kana muna 1921 kana mumakore akaipa e1946, uye kunyange muLeningrad yakakombwa. Mhosva dzekudzimba dzakawanikwa kunyange mumhuri dzine zvokudya zvakavanzwa, izvo zvinotendwa zvinoratidza kuiswa kwehupfu muzvokudya zviripo, sechinhu chisarudzo chefungal kubva. Kunyanya, mumakore iwayo muminda yeEurope yose yeEurope, chirwere chechingwa chakanyorwa sepamutemo se "rust", iyo yakakonzera kusvika hafu yezviyo mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira Ukraine. Saka, zvichida vamwe vanhu havana kufa nenzara, asi kubva pakuvhiringidza kunokonzerwa nehurombo hwakanaka hwezviyo zvakakohwa, izvo zvisingabvumi kubva pakuwanda kwenhamo iyi. Kuyeuka kweavo vakaurawa neHolodomor muUkraine uye mamwe maimbova maSoviet republics anofanira kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kuitira kuti zviitiko zvakadaro zvirege kumboitika zvakare.