Wokutanga Nyika miti vaiva ... vokutanga zvinomera panyika

Isu, vomunguva, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro vamiririri chirimwa nyika yokutanga. Zvinosuruvarisa zvisaririra dzavo akawana zvishoma. Asi masayendisiti, achishandisa zvisaririra zvemhuka imprints kusiiwa zvinomera vekare, asi akatangazve chimiro chavo, uyewo akaongorora zvinhu sechivako miti, akava wokutanga vagere munyika.

Sayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvinhu marongerwo uye kushanda Zvisaririra miti inonzi "paleobotanist." It paleobotanists mubasa kutsvaka mhinduro dzemibvunzo nezvekwakabva muti nyika.

Kupatsanura pakati spore miti

The mbesa wokutanga Pasi kane spores. Pakati panguva kasvisto ariwo spore miti. Maererano kupatsanura, ivo ikashandiswa kupinda rimwe boka - the "yepamusoro spore miti." Vakapa Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (Horsetail) uye Polipodiofitami (ferns). Pakati zvikamu zvitatu izvi kutanga vari zvachose yakatotsakatika, uye vamwe rakanyorwa sezvo yakatotsakatika, uye zvino aripo mapoka.

Rhyniophyta - wokutanga nyika miti

Wokutanga Nyika zvirimwa vaimiririra nemiti, nyanzvi Earth vanenge mamiriyoni 450. Makore akapfuura. Akakura pedyo miviri siyana mvura kana mumunda kudzika mvura, iyo inozivikanwa nguva nenguva reheating uye kupwa.

Zvirimwa zvose kugona nyika, pane chakajairika chiratidzo. weboka ichi muviri muzvikamu zviviri - pamusoro-pasi uye pasi pevhu. mamiriro ichi chakanga yo Rhyniophyta.

Zvakasaririra miti yekare vakatanga yakawanikwa yechipiri yezana XIX remakore ari munharaunda Canada ano. Asi nokuda isingazivikanwi zvikonzero, kuwanikwa ichi haafariri nenyanzvi-botanists. Uye muna 1912, pedyo wokuScotland musha Rayni chiremba musha vemo akawana zvisaririra zvemhuka zvirimwa zvakawanda. Haana kuziva chii anobata zvasara vagere munyika wokutanga, asi zvaakange kuziva chaizvo, ndakafunga kuti peruse inonakidza zvakawanikwa. Pashure pokutaura kuti akachekwa, akawana zvakanaka akachengetedzwa zvasara zvinomera. The hunde yaiva mutete chaizvo, wakashama, uye kwazviri zvakabatanidzwa oblong urongwa (akafanana, elongated marozari) pamwe chaizvo gobvu masvingo. Information pamusoro kuwanikwa akakurumidza asvika paleobotanists kuti uye akawana kuti mapfupa yakawanikwa ndivo wokutanga nyika miti. Paiva chokwadi zita izvi mapfupa yekare. Asi pakupedzisira takasarudza kuenda chete kuenda uye zita racho yakatotsakatika miti Rhyniophyta kuzita mumusha, pedyo izvo kuvawana.

STRUCTURAL zvinhu

External mamiriro Rhyniophyta chinyakare chaizvo. Muviri forked dichotomous mhando, ndiko kuti, migove miviri. Mashizha nemidzi aripo, havasati anazvo. Vakaiisa pasi kuitwa kushandisa rhizoids. Panyaya womukati mamiriro, zviri nekusiyana, zvakanga zvakaoma, kunyanya kana ichienzaniswa algae. Saka, nechifukidzo jira rakanga stomatal midziyo, panopinda dzinotsanagura gasi Exchange uye mvura kwemvura. Nokuda kwokushaya kwavo zvokuimba zvinyama, zvinomera yokutanga munyika vakanga zviduku kureba (50 cm) uye dhayamita pamusoro hunde (anenge 0.5 cm).

Paleobotanists vanodavira kuti zvose ano nyika miriwo hwakabva Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - wokutanga nyika miti. Ichokwadi ichi?

Pane hapana pane hungu. The zita "psilophytes" chaizvoizvo zvavakaitawo kunyange 1859. Ndiyo American palaeobotanist Dawson ainzi somumwe akawana zvinomera. Iye vakasarudza ichi, sezvo iri shanduro shoko rinoreva "kupfeka chirimwa." Kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore psilophytes rinonzi genus miti yekare. Asi migumisiro ine arambe audits mhando iyi havasisipo, uye kushandiswa kwezita ava ineligible. Panguva iyi inorondedzerwa zvakazara genus Reania anopa zita rose dhipatimendi mukuru pano kasvisto. Somugumisiro, wokutanga nyika miti vaiva Rhyniophyta.

Typical vamiririri yokutanga munyika miti

Anofungidzirwa, wokutanga nyika miti vaiva Cookson uye Reania.

Chimwe chezvinhu yekare vamiririri kasvisto akanga Cookson, wakange nechitarisiko duku gwenzi nokukwirira isingadariki 7 cm. Of ane kugonesa ezvinhu kuti kukura kwayo akanga marshy pamapani. Zvisaririra Cookson yaro anoenderana mhando inowanikwa Czech Republic, United States, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo West kweSiberia.

Close mune ukama, Reania nani akadzidza pane Cookson. muviri wayo yakanga yakawanda hombe: chirimwa kukwirira aigona kusvika kusvika 50 cm uye dhayamita of hunde - 5 mm. Panoperera ari hunde rakanga rinii rising, apo paiva kusawirirana.

Vamiririri Yekare Reania chamuita kuti zvirimwa zvakawanda dzinopisa uye subtropics. Maererano ano kupatsanura, vakabatana psilophytes dhipatimendi. Zviri dikisa, chokwadi kunosanganisira anenge 20 marudzi. Mune zvimwe zvinhu vari chaizvo akafanana madzitateguru avo. Zvikurukuru, ivo vaviri vane dichotomous branching. Psilophytes anofungidzirwa kukwirira 25 kusvika 40 cm.

ano zvakawanikwa

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, paleontologists kuwana sediments vakuru mamiriyoni 425 makore chete dzasara chinyakare triletnyh nharo ane mvere nevamwe. anowana kwakadaro yakawanikwa munharaunda Turkey. Vari akataura Upper Ordovician. Found zvinhu haagoni akajekesa nguva panowanikwa vascular zvinomera, sezvo vakanga isingawanzowanikwi uye zvakanga zvachose kujeka sei chaizvo zvakaitwa vamiririri yemiti vaiva chechetere spores.

Asi kwete saka kare mapfupa zvakavimbika triletnyh nharo nezvishongo goko vaakawana Saudi Arabia. Kwakati kwatemwa kuti nemakore akawana ivhu anoda kubva 444 kusvika mamiriyoni 450. Years.

Maruva vascular zvinomera pashure glaciation

In yechipiri yezana Ordovician pari Saudi Arabia uye Turkey chakaita kuti kuchamhembe chikamu supercontinent Gondwana. Izvi zviri pachena, aiva yepakutanga dzinogarisana kunharaunda vascular zvirimwa. Long zvenhoroondo nguva vaigara chete yake "shanduka mbereko," nepo nyika inogarwa vamiririri chinyakare rayo mossy kriptosporami. Ungangove, mukanyiwa Resettlement pakati vascular miti vakatanga pashure guru glaciation kuti kwakaitika pakutanga kwezana Ordovician uye Silurian.

telome dzidziso

Nokufamba yechidzidzo paiva inonzi Rhyniophyta telome dzidziso, hwakasikwa maererano nyanzvi yokuGermany Zimmermann. Rinozivisa STRUCTURAL zvinhu Rhyniophyta, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva kuzivikanwa sezvo wokutanga nyika miti. Zimmermann akaratidzwa uye kutarisirwa nzira yokuva vegetative inokosha uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo kuvakuru zvinomera.

Maererano musayendisiti wokuGermany Rhyniophyta muviri raiva radially zvakafanana, ichibata namatemo, matavi chinouraya iyo Zimmerman akatumidza muviri (kubva muchiGiriki telos -. "The magumo").

Shanduka nzira muviri wakati kuchinja zvakawanda zvaiva chikuru nhengo dzose dzakakwirira zvinomera: madzinde, mashizha, midzi, sporophylls.

Saka zvino unogona pachena kupindura mubvunzo "Ndezvipi yokutanga munyika miti?". Nhasi, mhinduro yacho iri pachena. Vaiva Rhyniophyta. Ivo vokutanga yakabuda pamusoro panyika uye vakava madzitateguru yazvino vamiririri nemiti, pasinei nokuti mamiriro avo kwokunze uye dzimwe dzakanga kusiri nyore.