Anthropology: Chii nesayenzi wemunhu?

The chadzainyanya anthropology - munhu zvose kuonekwa. Imhaka ichi pane zvakawanda dzakawanda anoranga nesayenzi. Anthropology iri rakamuka-kamuka kwouzivi tsika, chitarisiko, magariro, uye zvichingodaro. D. vose akasiyana pamakona kudzidza hunhu hwevanhu.

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Shoko "anthropology" rine midzi Greek. Makarekare izwi akanga akakurumbira pakati vazivi ndero uye masayendisiti. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti shoko sezvaari nomumwe Aristotle uyo akararama IV remakore BC. e. Panyaya iyi, muzivi raireva anthropology sezvo sayenzi kuti inodzidza ndicho divi chokuvapo kwevanhu pakunamata.

With izwi iri raishandiswa nechimiro chokureva-siyana nomukurumbira nevafungi. Somuenzaniso, pakati pavo kwakanga Kant, uyo aifarira chaizvo anthropology. Chii munhu, chii nzvimbo vanhu munyika - mimwe mibvunzo yose iyi uye vazhinji vakarerwa nomuzivi wokuGermany uye neshamwari dzake. Kunyange zvakadaro, mune ano nevanhu ndicho chikuru maonero ari kuti shoko rokuti "anthropology kwouzivi" rinoshanda kuchikoro kuti yakabuda munzvimbo XX remakore. Uye chete mupfungwa yechipiri, vakafukidza basa nevafungi dzokutambura eras.

anthropology kwouzivi

Chinokosha kuti anthropology kwouzivi vari chaiwo German bhuku muzivi uye anofunga Max Shelera. Izvi "nzvimbo Man ari muchadenga," "About husingaperi uye murume" uye zvichingodaro. D.

Scheler mabhuku akanyorwa panguva pakutanga XX remakore, uye vakabatana munhu multilateral nesayenzi ruzivo yapfuura remakore. Vatsvakurudzi German vari kuedza kupindura mubvunzo, chii chinonzi mudzimu womunhu. Kwouzivi anthropology, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvinofadza chitendero. Panobva yevanhu, maererano Scheler, ndiwo mweya iri Mupfungwa yakazara reshoko. Inoitwa zvaisazogona, simba uye pfungwa dzakasiyana.

Scheler chachinja nevafungi vazhinji XX remakore, izvo zvimwe aishanda pasango anthropology kwouzivi. Pakati pavo paiva kwevanhu Russian: Andrey Bely, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, .. Leo Karsavin etc. vatsvakurudzi ava vakadzidza dambudziko anthropology, yakavakirwa kufanana nyaya: evanhu, ethology, biology uye zvepfungwa. The chinhu kwavo yokutsvakurudza aiva murume. Kwouzivi anthropology nhasi ane zvikoro zvakawanda yokungotaura kwakavakirwa zvavainyora.

panyama anthropology

In zvakawanda zvaizivikanwa munhuwo zvake pfungwa, shoko "anthropology" rinoreva panyama anthropology. Izvi zvidzidzo sainzi murume kubva nemaonero kwemarudzi: ayo mamiriro, hukama zvakasikwa uye zvechadenga muviri.

MuRussia, zvinhu anthropology kwakatanga XVIII remakore, akavonga Peter I. The Russian chevaux akavaka miziyamu yokutanga munyika - mashoko Cabinet pamusoro Curiosities, kwaiva zhinji kuratidzira pamusoro yakaitwa. Peter akatanga kufarira zvesayenzi ichi mushure kushanya kuEurope panguva yacho "Embassy Great". Changamire incognito akashanyira mharidzo Dutch anatomists uye vanodzidza nezvavanhu.

zvakanga zvakawanda zvokunyama muRussia kukura sayenzi murume. Muzana XVIII remakore aishingaira kuongororwa uye nyuchi kuSiberia. Nechepakati akazaruka dzezvimwe inogarwa vamiririri duku uye nemamwe madzinza. mutungamiriri rwendo vakanga detailed anthropological nhoroondo hwavo, izvo ipapo akaenda St. Petersburg uye mumayunivhesiti European. Pakati vaongorori ava Stepan Krashennikov, Peter Pallas, uye zvichingodaro .. Vakawanda vavo vari vatorwa, vari kushingaira basa Romanovs nokuda kwokushayiwa mu-imba unyanzvi.

Anthropology muRussia

Uyewo munhoroondo Russian pamusoro anthropology chinosanganisira mabasa siyana nevafungi Russian. Alexander Radishchev, vakawanda inozivikanwa murondedzero yake "Rwendo kubva St. Petersburg kuMoscow", akadzidzawo hunhu hwevanhu. In Ilimsk kuutapwa akanyora chinokosha bhuku "On Man, ake Rufu uye Kusafa," izvo zvabatanidzwa chaihwoihwo kwouzivi uye mumuviri anthropology.

Socialist uye utopian Nikolai Chernyshevsky vaisagona kukanganwa mubvunzo nzvimbo kwevanhu munyika. Aishingaira kutsigira chikoro wouzivi, pfuma. Rinotaurawo wairatidza rusaruraganda anthropology. Chii rudzi, dzinza - zvose kuti kutambudza pfungwa vaongorori ari XIX remakore. Socialist, kufanana Chernyshevsky aidavira kuti zvose kusiyana kutapwa pamarudzi akasiyana kwakaitika nokuda necheni yezviitiko zvinokosha, pane zvepanyama rusaruraganda kusiyana.

Cultural uye Social Anthropology

Chimwe chirango (netsika kana mumagariro anthropology) kunonyanya anoongorora tsika dzakasiyana marudzi. MuRussia, abatsira zvikuru sayenzi iyi akaita Nikolai Maclay, yaidzidza siyana Eastern nyika. Iye dzakakwanisa kusvika kunyange vanhu kure Oceania panguva, kunyange apo pasina munhu zvinonyatsoda nzira yavo youpenyu. essays ake vava mbiru nevatsvakurudzi muminda siyana.

Kunyange zvakadaro, tsika (kana magariro) anthropology akanonoka Maclay. Pakutanga shoko XX remakore, sainzi ichi akaberekwa anoonga mabhuku Leo Frobeniusa, Ruth Benedict, Frantsa Boasa, Marcel Mauss, etc. Kana muUnited States yakakurumbira rokuti "anthropology hwetsika" iri UK - .. "Social anthropology". Chii nemagariro anthropology? It kunobva pazivo zvoutachiona pamusoro murume uye panguva imwecheteyo rinoongorora mazano uye tsika kuti vanogamuchirwa mutsika dzakasiyana.

Kufanana ne ethnology

Cultural anthropology wakabatana sayenzi pamwe ethnology, iri zvishoma upamhi hwazvo pamberi yakatarwa mibvunzo. Munyika dzakasiyana, kufanana ichi unogamuchirwa kana akarambwa kwavowo. Sezvineiwo, muRussia nokuda nhaka Soviet hwakachengetedza tsika kuzodana ichi sayenzi ethnography. Panguva iyoyo vari Chirungu sayenzi zvinenge hatibati okuti "ethnology", asi dzakakurumbira "anthropology nemagariro". Chii kudzidza murume vaongorori Western? Nokuda kudyidzana uye kuvhurika kumusoro kwenyika nhasi, masayendisiti ano vakabatana zvavainyora zvakasiyana ruzivo kuumbwa dissimilar mutsika, izvo zvinobatsira kutora itsva Kutarira evanhu.