Volga vokuGermany: kare, mazita, mazita, mapikicha, tsika, tsika, ngano, munyika

Muzana XVIII remakore, mutsva dzinza of Volga eGermany kuRussia. Ndivo colonists vakanga vaenda East vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani. Mune Volga nharaunda, vakaita akasikwa yoga dunhu pamwe sezvinoreva uye nzira youpenyu. Zvizvarwa vatama izvi vakaendeswa Central Asia muHondo Yenyika II. Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union yasara muKazakhstan, mumwe akadzokera Volga nharaunda, uye vamwe vakaenda kunyika yokumusha kwavo kwenhau.

Kunoratidza Catherine II

Muna 1762-1763 gg. Empress Catherine II akasaina Manifesto mbiri, nemhaka iyo Russia akazozviratidza Volga vokuGermany. Zvinyorwa izvi akabvumira vatorwa kupinda umambo, kugamuchira perks. The zvikuru sefungu colonists vachibva Germany. Uya kwenguva asingachaiti mutero mitoro. chaiyo remazita, izvo zvinosanganisira nyika akapa vakasununguka chinzvimbo nokuda kugarwa yakatangwa. Kana Volga vokuGermany vakagara pamusoro pavo, zvino kugona kunobhadhara kwemakore 30.

Uyezve colonists vakawana chikwereti pasina mubereko kwemakore gumi. Mari inogona kupedzerwa kuvakwa dzimba itsva yayo, kutenga zvipfuwo, zvokudya, zvaida kuti midziyo kukohwa wokutanga kuti kurima uye zvichingodaro. D. dzaiva yakasiyana chaizvo kubva pedyo nemisha chakaipa Russian. In zvavo womukati kuzviriritira nayo hwakagadzwa. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vasingagoni kupindira muupenyu colonists vasvika.

Set colonists muGermany

Kugadzirira mutsika vatorwa Russia, Catherine II (pachake ane dzinza German) akasika Office kuitarisira. Rakanga rinotungamirirwa ari kufarira kuti Empress Grigory Orlov. The Office akaita iri ndima nevamwe vaaishanda navo.

Manifestos dzakabudiswa mumitauro yakawanda yokuEurope. Chinonyanya zvikuru nesarudzo chirongwa yakatanga muna Germany (nokuti chii akazviratidza uye Volga vokuGermany). Vazhinji colonists kwakawanwa muFrankfurt uye Ulm. Achida kutamira Russia akaenda muLübeck uye kubva ipapo, wokutanga St. Petersburg. Muchiuto raisanganisira vakuru vehurumende chete, asiwo private Entrepreneurs, uyo akazozivikanwa caller. vanhu ava vakabatwa chete Office kuitarisira uye akaita pamusoro wayo pachinzvimbo. Ivo makasimbisa nemisha itsva, basa colonists akamhanya munharaunda dzavo uye anoramba chikamu mari kwavari.

upenyu hutsva

In 1760. vagari zvinoitwa wacho uye hurumende kuti nyongano kutama vanhu zviuru 30. Pakutanga, vanhu vokuGermany vakagara muSt Petersburg uye oranienbaumin. Ikoko vakatora mhiko yokuvimbika kuna korona wokuRussia uye kuva vanotongwa Empress. Vose Vagari izvi yakatamira Volga, kwaakanga paya Saratov Province yakatangwa. Nokuti makore mashoma okutanga paiva 105 yawo. Zvinokosha kuti vose vari mazita Russian. Pasinei neizvi vokuGermany vakaramba kuzivikanwa kwavo.

Power akabata kuedza pamwe mapoka kukudziridza Russian kurima. Hurumende aida tarisa sei kuti akajairwa rokumavirira mitemo kurima. Volga vokuGermany vakauya navo mutsva musha jeko, emapuranga thresher, gejo, namajoko dzaiva asingazivikanwi vanhuwo zvavo Russian. Vatorwa oonera matapiri asingazivikanwi kusvikira Volga nharaunda. vari zvakare mubasa kurima hemp, neshinda, fodya nezvimwe zvirimwa. Yokutanga Russian ndimo vasingafariri vaeni kana kujeka. Nhasi, vaongorori vanoramba kudzidza chii vakaenda ngano pamusoro Volga vokuGermany, uye chii vaiva noukama hwavo nevavakidzani vavo.

budiriro

Nguva yaratidza kuti kuedza kuti Catherine II kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru. The zvemberi uye vakabudirira mumapurazi Russian mumusha akava kugarwa, vaigara Volga eGermany. History nyuchi muenzaniso mudanga kubudirira. Nemagariro pfuma nokuda vakarongeka okurima akabvumira Volga eGermany kuwana pachavo indasitiri kwavo. Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore iri misha yaiva mvura zvigayo, iyo yakava mudziyo hwakatsetseka kugadzirwa. Well dzakabudirira miriwo mafuta maindasitiri, kugadzirwa okurima michina nemvere. Under Alexander II muna Saratov nharaunda chave tanneries vanopfuura zana, uyo akavamba Volga eGermany.

Nyaya kubudirira kwavo chaizvo. Pakuonekwa colonists zvakasimbisa kukura maindasitiri kurukiswa. Chakava musimboti Sarepta, izvo akavapo mukati aripo miganhu Volgograd. Enterprises nokuti kugadzirwa zvameso uye micheka vachishandisa yepamusoro European mutsvuku kubva Saxony uye muSilesia, uyewo esiriki kubva kuItaly.

chitendero

Chitendero uye tsika Volga vokuGermany vakanga vasiri yunifomu. Vabva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana panguva kwakanga kusina takabatana Germany yaro vakaparadzana mirairo dzaiwanika neimwe province. It chokuita, uye chitendero. Mazita ari Volga vokuGermany, rakanyorwa nokuda Office muchitokisi, anoratidza kuti pakati pavo paiva vaLutheran, vaKaturike, vechiMennonite, vaBaptist, uyewo vamiririri mamwe kufamba uye mapoka ezvitendero.

Maererano Manifesto, ivo colonists vaigona kuvaka machechi avo pachavo chete munzvimbo umo isiri Russian Vagari ruzhinji. VokuGermany vaigara mumaguta makuru, yokutanga nguva kodzero dzakadaro zvakarambwa. Zvinonzi zvakare rambidzwa kusimudzira Lutheran nedzidziso Catholic. Nemamwe mashoko, zvitendero wokuti hurumende yeRussia akapa colonists zvakawanda rusununguko sezvo vakanga vasingagoni kukuvadza zvido yeChechi yeOrthodox. Zvinofadza kuti panguva iyoyo, vanotama vanogona kubhabhatidzwa netsika dzavo vaMuslim uye ndivaite serfs.

Sezvo chitendero chaiva nechokuita netsika zhinji uye ngano dzose Volga eGermany. Holidays vari Kunoitwa nekarenda Lutheran. Uyezve colonists vakachengetedzwa tsika dzenyika. Izvi zvinosanganisira Harvest Festival, iro richiri vachipemberera Germany.

Pasi pokutonga Soviet,

The yaifamba 1917 zvichienda mberi kwakachinja upenyu zvose vagari yaimbova Russian Empire. No kunze, uye Volga vokuGermany. Photos nyuchi dzavo mukunopera tsarist munguva zvinoratidza kuti zvizvarwa vatama vachibva Europe akararama vasave zvakavapoteredza, vavakidzani vavo. Vakaita akachengetedzwa mutauro wavo, tsika uye kuzivikanwa. Kwemakore akawanda, mubvunzo National yakaramba zvisingagadziriswi. Asi pamwe kuuya nesimba Bolsheviks vokuGermany achiwana mukana kuumba yavo kuzvionera mukati Soviet Russia.

Chishuvo vazukuru colonists kurarama kwavo nyaya Federation yakanga akakwazisa muMoscow njere. Muna 1918, maererano kusarudza kuti vanhu Commissars Council of pakati zvionera munharaunda Volga vokuGermany yakatangwa muna 1924 kunzi zvionera Soviet Socialist Republic. Its kwakasvika Pokrovsky, zita Shona.

collectivization

Labor uye netsika Volga vokuGermany akavabvumira rokusika imwe rakabudirira zvikuru zvikamu Russian dzematunhu. Furidzira dzavo zvakanaka akatanga chimurenga uye zvinotyisa makore hondo. Munguva 20s kwave vamwe kupora, vakatora soro kuitika munguva NEP.

Zvisinei, muna 1930 pamusoro Soviet Union akatanga chirongwa dispossession. Collectivization uye kuparadzwa private pfuma kwakaita kuti vakawanda inosuruvarisa. inonyatsobudirira uye zvibereko mapurazi zvakaparadzwa. Varimi, duku mabhizimisi varidzi, uye vamwe vagari vazhinji zvionera zvokuvhoterwa vakanga vaidzvinyirirwa. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vokuGermany vakazviwana vachirwiswa pamusoro ndima chete navamwe vanhuwo zvavo Soviet Union, dzakanga nomuzvanza mumapurazi uye kunyimwa nomuzikamwi upenyu.

Nzara okuma30

Nokuda kuparadzwa zvatinosiita zvoupfumi ukama muna Volga German Republic, sezvo dzimwe dziri USSR, nzara dzakawanda. Population siyana ari kuedza kuponesa nzvimbo yake. Vamwe Vagari vakatora kuti dziite, izvo akabvunza hurumende yeSoviet kubatsira zvokudya. Other vanhuwo zvavo, akaodzwa mwoyo chose pamwe Bolsheviks kufanorongwa kudenhwa pamusoro yokuchengetera kwayakanga yaichengetwa akasarudzwa nehurumende chingwa. Chimwe chimiro kunyunyuta kwaiva kusateerera basa mumapurazi.

Tikafunga mafungiro akadaro okuita njere masangano akatanga kutsvaka "okupandukira 'uye" vapanduki "pamusoro uyo wakakura zvikuru utongi matanho. Muzhizha 1932 nzara yave yakabata guta. Varimi Desperate kunge akarwawo kuzopamba minda pamwe vachiri saibva chirimwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu acho akagadzikana chete muna 1934, apo nyika nenzara zviuru zvevanhu.

kudhipotwa

Kunyange zvazvo colonists vazukuru kumavambo kwemakore Soviet dzakaona dambudziko, vakanga nokudenga. Mupfungwa iyi, Volga vokuGermany ipapo kashoma chinozikamwa kuti mugove wavo yeRussian vanhuwo mugari wenyika USSR. Zvisinei, kutanga Guru Patriotic War pakupedzisira akaparadzanisa vagere zvokuvhoterwa kubva navamwe vagari Soviet Union.

Muna August 1941, chisarudzo chakaitwa, zvichienderana iyo kutapwa Volga eGermany. Vakanga vakaendeswa Central Asia, nokuti kutya pamwe chete mberi Wehrmacht. Volga vokuGermany vakanga kwete chete vanhu vakanga dzakaona vakamanikidzwa kwemahofisi. The zvinoitirwa chakamirira Chechens, ivo Kalmyks, ari Crimean Tatars.

Kubviswa reRepublic

Pamwe vachiendeswa kwaiva abolition of zvionera Republic of Volga eGermany. ASSSR mundima NKVD vakanga hwakatangwa. Residents vakarayirwa mumaawa 24 kuunganidza zvinhu zvishoma mvumo uye kugadzirira Resettlement. In zvachose, vanhu vanenge 440,000 vakasungwa.

Panguva iyoyowo rechiuto vanhu German rudzi zvakabviswa kubva mberi uye vakatumira necheshure. Varume nevakadzi vaiva dzinonzi basa mauto. Vakavaka maindasitiri emakambani, kushanda mumigodhi uye nematanda mumisasa.

Upenyu Central Asia uye Siberia

Kumboda vakabudiswa munyika vakanga vakagara Kazakhstan. Pashure pehondo, vakanga vasingabvumirwi kudzokera Volga nharaunda nokudzorera zvokuvhoterwa yavo. About 1% chavagari Kazakhstan nhasi funga pachavo vokuGermany.

Kusvikira muna 1956 akanga vakaendeswa chinokosha yawo. Mumwe mwedzi vaifanira kuenda kuhofisi commandant uye ndokuisa mucherechedzo imwe magazini chaiyo. Uyewo, chinokosha mugove kutamira vakagara kuSiberia, kamwe muna Omsk nharaunda, kuti Altai nharaunda uye Urals.

modernity

Pashure pokuwa yeutongi hurumende Volga vokuGermany pakupedzisira rusununguko rwokufamba. By pakuguma 80s. nezveupenyu zvionera Republic kurangarira akare-timers chete. Naizvozvo, vashoma chaizvo akadzokera Volga nharaunda (kunyanya Shona muna Saratov mudunhu). A yakawanda vakabudiswa munyika uye zvizvarwa zvavo vanoramba vari Kazakhstan.

Chikamu chikuru vokuGermany vakaenda kunyika yokumusha kwavo kwenhau. Pashure kubatanidzwa Germany kushandisa idzva shanduro mutemo pamusoro kudzoka vomunyika dzavo, vokutanga shanduro yakabuda mushure Second World War. Gwaro iroro mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kukurumidza chizvarwa. Izvi zvinodiwa inoenderana, uye Volga vokuGermany. Names uye mutauro vamwe vavo vakaramba zvakafanana, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore nokusangana kuva upenyu hutsva.

Maererano nomutemo, citizenship vakagamuchira vose vazukuru Volga colonists. Vamwe vavo kare anyatsopinda reSoviet chaichoicho, asi ini ndichiri kuda kuenda kumadokero. Kamwe ari '90s, zviremera German kunge rakaoma muitiro citizenship, vakawanda Russian-vokuGermany vakagara Kaliningrad mudunhu. nharaunda iyi aimbova East Prussia uye yaiva chikamu Germany. Nhasi muRussia kune vanenge 500,000 vanhu German nyika, ane 178 zviuru vazukuru Volga colonists vanogara Kazakhstan.