Vinson - Antarctica kuko. Description, mapikicha

Akafukidzwa chando kusingaperi, uye pakutanga aitarire ichi haripindiki, kuti kondinendi iri nyika wechitanhatu yakawanikwa ichangoburwa. Pasinei chokwadi kuti Dzheyms e wokutanga kuyambuka Antarctic Circle muna January 1773, Antarctica asati zvizere Akaongorora.

Pano, sezvo neimwe kondinendi, ane "oases" yayo nemiriwo, gungwa uye kunyange Vinson Massif (anoona 78,5833 ° rwezasi Latitude, 85,4167 ° W longitude).

History of Antarctica

Sezvo yakazvimirira kondinendi, Chakazarurwa 1820 kubudikidza Faddeem Bellinsgauzenom, mberi maviri mamwe polar vatsvakurudzi - Nathaniel Palmer kuti 10 mwedzi, uye Edward Bransfield 3 days.

Bellingshausen uye bhururu wake Mihailom Lazarevym haana kusvika Antarctica 32 chete? Km. Munhu wokutanga kuisa rutsoka panyika ino, anoti Dzhon Deyvis, uyo akasvika pamusoro kondinendi 07.02.1821 gore. Yokutanga tsvakurudzo rwendo rakarongwa neUnited States Navy muna 1839. Maererano ahwo, zvakaziviswa kuti akavhura kumavirira Antarctica Balleny Islands, uye nyika yacho yakawana nhengo dzayo, yakazonzi zita muna kukudzwa Wilkes Land rwendo mutungamiri. Akatevera polar aiongorora James Clark Ross muna 1841 kwakazarurwa chitsuwa zita vakamutevera.

More nzeve Antarctica yaro kudzidza rakapiwa muzana remakore rechi20. Zvinonzi kutanga remakore chete kukunda South Pole Roald Amundsen muna 1911. Muna 1912 zvakanzi achiteverwa Robert Scott, ane rwendo inorasika zvachose munzira kudzokera Big Land.

Muna 1928, ndege yokutanga Antarctica mutyairi Hubert Wilkins yakaitwa, iyo yainzi chaizvo Feat, tichifunga padanho kukura avhiyesheni panguva. Alien rekodhi haana kupa zororo kuna aviators zhinji, asi chete akakwanisa Richard E. Byrd gore rakatevera, kubhururuka pamusoro South Pole.

Mumakore pashure pehondo wenguva dzinotambudza rwendo makateyiwa uye wakabatanidzwa zvakare, vokuAmerica kubva muna 1945 kusvika 1957, somugumisiro payo guru chirimwa-kugarwa McMurdo rakaumbwa. Soviet polar vatsvakurudzi nheyo kugarwa yorugare yokutanga muna 1956 pamwe achibatsirwa zvokuchenesa ngarava zviviri - "Ob" uye "Lena". Zvishoma nezvishoma, nemhaka masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana, kurarama uye kushanda utsinye mamiriro ezvinhu permafrost, uye wakagona kuzarura zvechizarira pamusoro itsva map apo panopinda, zviwi uye yakaoma chando capes. Somuenzaniso, makomo Antarctica kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20 yakaoneka chete dzidziso. Uchapupu Kuvapo kwavo rave anounzwa 1958, apo vakawana mutyairi, zvichiita kwake ndege mhiri kondinendi.

Ava vakashinga vanhu vakaita rondedzero Antarctic, rwakazokura chikamu geography mabhuku uye mabasa esayenzi vatsvakurudzi ano zvizere.

Features Antarctica

ino ndokwenguva nzvimbo 13975 thous. Km ^2, iyo vari echando echiShinto. Hapana zvachose vagari, kwete chete nokuti hasha okunze rakakodzera chete PENGUIN, asiwo nokuti kuti ndiro kondinendi chete kuti haisi chero nyika, uye mudunhu vanhu vose.

Maererano chibvumirano, akasaina muna 1961, nyika vaitungamirira, zvose zvepanyika nzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba 60 ° S. W., akasununguka kubva uchingoti chero chombo uye ndiyo yakakodzera chete kwesainzi. Kunyange Antarctica nezvi- zvicherwa, migodhi kwavari zvakare wairambidza.

Ndicho soro kondinendi iri nyika, paavhareji unomutswa kusvika 2040 M pamusoro pegungwa, uye ayo yakakwirira - Vinson (kuko Ellsworth Mountains) rinosvika 4892 mamita.

Panguva iyi, 99% kutora chando, uye chete chiduku chikamu nzvimbo ndohwaJehovha "Oasis", iro vanokura mosses, ferns, lichens uye hunokuvadza. Pano kurarama PENGUIN uye zvisimbiso.

Hapana kupikisa yechando inotonhorera -89 madhigirii (nechokumabvazuva kwenyika yacho munharaunda yacho Russian chechitima "Vostok"). Paavhareji tembiricha mumwedzi yechando, vamwe kunosvika -70 madhigirii, uye chirimo - kubva -30 kusvika -50. Pamahombekombe, vanenge "dzisina" sapamazuva yechando tembiricha pano anoda kubva -8 kusvika -35 madhigirii, apo muzhizha - kubva 0 kusvika 5. Tsananguro Antarctica pamwe dutu-simba rayo mhepo uye chando ndiyo nzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru yaisazoraramika vafambi.

Gomo mukurusa munyika: Mount Everest uye Aconcaguakuva

Mountain puraneti - harisi chete zvayo ukuru uye runako, asiwo nhoroondo paumbwe makondinendi. Pasi, 6 ne7 makondinendi mukurusa nenhongonya kuti vakanga vakundwa, mumwe panguva yayo, daredevils vane ushingi anofuridzira vanhu kudzokorora Feat yavo.

Ko soro gomo munyika - Mount Everest (Asia), rinokwira pamusoro pegungwa kuti 8.848 mamita kukunda Its -. It somuedzo chipo nokuda makomo. Beginners regai kuitora, pano kunyange akasangana makomo ngozi rufu, saka gomo kunonyanyisa uye chisingasvikiki.

About 50 nguva rwendo kubva kunyika dzakasiyana vakaedza kukwira pamusoro ine ngozi, asi akakwanisa May 29, 1953 New Zealand Edmund Hillary. Pashure yakakunda Everest nedzimwe mativi ayo, kwete chete varume asiwo vakadzi, rokutanga yaiva mukwiri vokuJapan 1976

Aconcaguakuva --soro yakatotsakatika gomo munyika yaiva South America. Kukwirira "skyscraper" ichi Argentine ndiyo 6962 mamita. Gore wamuka maererano kudhumhana vaviri tectonic mahwendefa - the Nazca uye South America. Mumwe anogona chete kufungidzira njodzi pamwe yakadaro chikuru pezvakaitwa mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Iyi Nhamba yepamusoro zvakakodzera kudzidzisa beginners, sezvo isina vaiona nyore kubva nemaonero ari kukwira makomo. It yakakunda kunyange vana.

Mount McKinley

Vanomwe RESE zvenyika - ndiwo makomo mukuru ndivo rokumusoro parimwe makondinendi panyika. McKinley -. The yakakwirira Alaska, achifumira pamusoro pasi pa 6194 M Pane imwe nguva yaiva chepamusorosoro yepamusoro yeRussian Empire, yainzi nyore - Big Mountain. Pashure kutengeswa mundima America, ndicho pakukura North America.

Kubva 1917 kusvika 2015, gomo ainzi mumwe dzeVatungamiri USA - McKinley, asi rakanga akadzokera zita rayo yepakutanga Denali, izvo zvaireva kumusoro Great rinoshandurwa kubva mutauro Athabasca (Indian dzinza). It yakatanga kukundwa muna 1906 Frederikom Kukom, nokukurumidza uyo akapomerwa falsification kuti kwira ichi. Kusvikira zvino, zuva makomo nharo kana kwakambovapo kukwira refu-yakamira yakadai.

Kilimanjaro

The gomo akakurumbira African iri zvinosanganisirwa vari muchikwata che "RESE manomwe wenyika." Iri Tanzania, iye ari pamusoro vafambi zvose zvinoyemurwa. Ona kwayo chando chivharo pakati inopisa savanna vaimbova zvinoshamisa, asi nhasi vasayendisiti vakawanda achiyambirawo, nokuti nemakore chando ari kubvunda zvakatsiga nokuda kuchinja ekunze.

Mount Kilimanjaro, akajeka kwavo kwokutanga chando Nhongonya dzakapoteredza, nhasi hachisisina chando pabutiro ne 80%. Nokuti kokutanga 5895 mamita pamusoro pegungwa, vakanga aizokundwa Hans Meyer ari kure 1889. Nokuti mutsva, vakapakata ano kukwira zvokushandisa, pamusoro ichi hachisi zvakaoma, kunyange zvazvo kukwira kazhinji inogara kwenguva refu nemhaka nezvinetso acclimatization én.

Elbrus

gomo iri rakajairika kunyange vaya vane chokuita kukwira makomo. Ndicho-soro yepamusoro mu Europe. It riri pamuganhu pakati Kabardino-Balkaria uye Karachay-Cherkessia. Izvi gomo wemuTesitamende Main Caucasian Ridge. Kokutanga muupenyu kwayo Kukwirira 5642 M aikunda Russian yesayenzi rwendo muna 1829. It zvaisanganisira yefizikisi, mumwe wemhuka, imwe nyanzvi, aiongorora uye yokudhirowa, uyo akaita kwete chete unokwira, asiwo sketched uye kudzidza maumbirwo rezvinomera uye makomo.

Nhasi kune dzinokudziridzwa zvakanaka vashanyire kwezvivako nezvinhu kwadzakabva mumisasa, uye gomo pacharo inzvimbo outorwa kwete makomo chete asiwo mudzidzi makomo avo vakakunda kunyange chimwe vertex.

Kunze vakundi nenhongonya Elbrus chinokwezva skiers, iro nzira kunosiyana kuomerwa uye akabata slalom makwikwi dzinorongwa pano gore negore. A kwezvivako rakanyatsorongwa anoisa yakazaruka pano vashanyire mujinga musi iwoyo chechetere pamwe European state plesieroorde.

Puncak Jaya

Australia anewo seri, iyo yakakwirira ndiyo nhamba Puncak Jaya (4884 m). Mount Jaya kuzivikanwa kuti ndiwo soro chacho yaiva. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti mashoko ari kukonzera pfungwa Oceania ane kukwirira 5030 m.

Nokuti nyika gomo rakanga rakavhurika Dutchman Jan Carstens muna 1623. mutsvakurudzi uyu akanyombwa ne masayendisiti nokuti aiti ndakaona rechando munzvimbo dzinopisa kusvikira neequator. Gare gare gomo chakapiwa zita raro, iro kusvikira 1965.

Kunyange zvazvo zvakaitika kare, yokutanga nguva kwayo Akakunda yeAustria makomo muna 1962. Vakadzoka nezita rayo yepakutanga mushanduro kubva mutauro Indonesian unorira Pobeda Peak.

Vinson Massif

Makomo Antarctica - chinoramba pabutiro chando. Zvichida ndokusaka vasingagoni kuva yakareba chaizvo kuona, asi chete hunonzi dzaona kuti vava kondinendi iri. Kuti chando ndiye chipingamupinyi chikuru pane pamukwidza kwavari.

yakakwirira ravo Vinson - kuko kureba 21 km uye 13 km pahupamhi. Zvinoda kushinga chaiko uye professionalism kukunda pamusoro ichi zvakaoma. Yokutanga chipimo yakaitwa Antarctica inopisa kururama (5140 m). Gadzira yakavimbika ukoshi rwaiwanikwa chete muna 1980, apo kuna Vinson (kuko) akakwira makomo Soviet uye yakaiswa imomo mureza. Mugumisiro yakayerwa raiva 4892 mamita.

kukunda icebergs

Kana tikatarisa mumitsetse Vinson pamepu, unogona kuona kuti kubva South Pole riri akaparadzaniswa nevanhu 1200 chete? Km. Vaya vave pamusoro payo, vanoti kuti rinopa mvura yakanaka maonero chando, nokuvhenekerwa inopenya zuva.

Hazvina chete chikuru rechando munyika, asi chinonetsa kukunda gomo. Vinson Massif mwedzi mitanhatu Kunyudzwa polar usiku, saka zvakakodzera kukunda "yezhizha" nguva kubva November kusvika January, apo tembiricha inokwira kuna madhigirii 30 pazasi razero. Summer denga pamusoro zvachose risina makore uye zuva rinopenya siku nesikati.

Pasinei zvishoma Kudziya dzedenga, kukwira inowanzoshandiswa kudziviswa nemhepo yakasimba uye akayerera chando kubva rinopisa.

Antarctica nhasi

Nhasi kune 37 ari Antarctic nhepfenyuro yesayenzi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. Masayendisiti vachidzidza chando ezvinhu, kuchinja kwayo makemikari anoumba uye mwero utsotso. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu uye zoologists vakadzidza mhando anogona kurarama mune utsinye mamiriro ezvinhu permafrost.

Kuwedzera nesayenzi nzendo, kufamba masangano kuronga nzendo yokunyanyisa daredevils achikwira pa Vinson. The kuko wava zvikuru dzakakurumbira nzira uye kwakakurumbira pamwe makomo.