Vechikamu pamusoro Rechina Hondo, zvinangwa, zvabuda

Nguva chivalry mishandirapamwe kuMiddle East andisiya chinokosha chiratidzo munhoroondo Western Europe. Munyaya ino tichashandisa kufukidza nechekumashure, zvikuru zviitiko, uyewo vamwe vechikamu pamusoro Rechina Hondo.

Sei mushandirapamwe uyu akasarudzwa ive nyaya? Mhinduro iri nyore. It chabatsira kuchinja kukosha mune zvematongerwo enyika mepu dzenyika uye redirected zvachose dzimwe mutemo Vector yeEuropean inoti.

Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro pezviitiko izvi, uchadzidza kubva munyaya.

Mamiriro ezvinhu Europe

Somugumisiro, muHondo nhatu dzokutanga ipfupi zvikuru vanhu Western Europe. Vakawanda vevaya akadzoka Middle East iyerere goridhe nokukurumidza chakabiwa mumaresitorendi. Kureva, kwemakore ane zana, akazviunganidzira vazhinji varombo, akasuruvara uye nzara nemasoja.

Mukuwedzera, makuhwa vari kutanga kuonekwa kuti vose kukundikana uye vakakurirwa Hondo Tsvene mhosva Byzantines. Vakati kuti vari kunyepera fronts maviri, kubatsira uye Knights uye vaMuslim. Mashoko akadaro vakabatsira nekukura ruvengo yepazasi strata munzanga.

Ukuwo, simba vakakurirwa yapfuura mishandirapamwe, Mutsvene See vakatanga vanotanga kusavimba pakati European madzimambo. Saka, vadzidzi of Rechina Hondo zvaidiwa Innocent III kuRoma pakakwirira.

Somugumisiro, lennye varidzi pamusoro munharaunda aimbova Byzantine Empire vakava chete mubayiro akagamuchira vechikamu pamusoro Rechina Hondo. Table inoti frankokratia nguva richinzi munhau zvidzidzo. Ndaverenga nyaya kusvikira pakuguma, unogona kuzviwana nyore.

Zvinokonzera wechina Hondo

Sezvinoratidzwa nezvave dzakaratidza, 4 makrusedhi zvakachinja peDare vatorwa wokuti Western Europe. Kana kare chinangwa chaiva kuhwina "Holy kuguva", asi zvino zvinhu zviri kuchinja zvinoshamisa.

Chinangwa chairo 4 Hondo asingadi uwirirane pamutemo shanduro. Asi isu tichati kukurukura ichi gare gare. Zvino ngatitarise zvikonzero uto ichi chirongwa.

Kumboda Rechina Hondo akaratidza zvinotarisirwa Panyanzvi simba uye vakaisa kutsiva munhuwo masoja. Kana vakatanga kufunga zvikonzero kukundwa pakati mishandirapamwe matatu okutanga, kunyanya wechipiri pamushandirapamwe akauya mamwe mhedziso inoshamisa. Zvakaratidza kuti huru dambudziko haana kukakavadzana pakati vatungamiri Dzorudzidziso uye kusavapo chete nevakawanda urongwa hwezvekuita uye kusavimbika pakati Byzantine mambo.

On chikonzero mhedziso zvakadaro, tichataura zvishoma mberi. Zvino zvinokosha kuziva chido Pope, izvo kukanganiswa yebasa chinangwa pokurwa.

Hondo chechina 1202 - 1204 makore vaifanira sikuruu Mutsvene Ona panguva aitungamirira chinzvimbo muEurope. Mushure nzendo rechipiri uye rechitatu vakakundwa, masimba veRoma akawira nehasha. Yakawedzera zvikuru, iye wevatongi German, uyo, pachinzvimbo imwe "kukunda Mutsvene weguva," kufanorongwa rubhabhatidzo kumanikidza wends.

Uyezve, kuwedzera pfundepfunde zvavo Dzorudzidziso. Vakawanda vavo vaiva mhare kana vana vechikamu okutanga mishandirapamwe, asi havana kugamuchira zvakakwana muripo. A Knights kuti mirairo zvechitendero kubva Middle East vakanga mishumo unzenza uye akapfuma upenyu ndokugarako varwi.

Nokudaro, Hondo Wechina aiva chisarudzo pachisarudzo charakaita pamusoro ngwizhingwi vokuEurope. Zvisinei, vavariro nomumwe akanga yavo. Pavari ichakurukurwa pashure.

The mukuru uye chinangwa chaicho

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vavariro 4 Hondo zvakasiyana pakati yakasiyana zvikamu vemo. Ngationei, chii ave musiyano.

The Pope akatanga zvakare kuungana kuti "hondo Kristu" nokuda kwokudzivirira kutenda. Asi zvino chinangwa akarumbidzwa muIjipiti, kwete Jerusarema. The Holy See vaiona kuti kana kuwa Fatimids, zvichava nyore kukunda Palestine.

Kune rumwe rutivi Innocent III akaedza kuti zvikuru simba iri yeMediterranean, vachinetesa Arab vatongi. Zvisinei, kukunda ari kushingirira pasi pachake murayiro raPapa kwaiva kudzorera chiremera mumiririri Mutsvene See muna Western Europe.

Kudanidzira yokutanga Innocent III vakabvuma Count French Thibault, asina kugamuchira chinokosha zvemari kugutsa vavariro hondo pamwe England. Uyezve akasungirirwa vatongi vari pasi ake. Asi nokukurumidza anofa, uye nzvimbo mukuru mukuru anotora Margrave pamusoro Montferrat, Boniface.

Aitambisa inokosha pakuita mushandirapamwe, asi yake ani ichakurukurwa gare gare munyaya. Hondo chechina kuvatongi venyika aiva mukana kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvemari, kuti vawane nyika itsva. Situation nounyanzvi yaingoda Venice. Kutaura zvazviri, zviuru vairwa muhondo dzemachechi uto akazadzisa basa rayo Doge.

Akasarudza kuti akudziridze pokudzora kwehurumende uye kuti huru mugungwa simba muMediterranean. Iri raiva chinangwa chaicho wechina Hondo, asi migumisiro yacho yaiva nyore dzinokatyamadza. Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya gare gare munyaya.

Mushandirapamwe pamusoro Empire vakatsigira vanhuwo masoja nokuti murayiro akaita pamusoro kufara vanhu. Vanopfuura hafu yezana remakore, vose vakanga vachitaura pamusoro kunyengera ari Byzantine pamambo, uye vaida kuti atsive akafa hafu Dzorudzidziso. Zvino zvaibvira.

kudzidza

Pakupera wegumi nemiviri remakore Roma uye Panyanzvi vatongi Europe makatanga yokugadzirira kuti kushingirira itsva. The Holy See akanga achiunganidza zvipo madzimambo namachinda, vakanga vasingadi kuenda kumabvazuva. kunoda izvi akaunganidza hondo murombo hombe. Vaidavira kuti kana naanamai kubhadhara, saka vane mukana mari.

Namachinda akauya zvakawanda pragmatically kuti nyaya. chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa pamwe Republic of Venice ari Rental rengarava kutakura mauto muAlexandria. Saka vakaronga kutanga kukunda yeEgipita.

Doge pamusoro Venice akakumbira 85,000 mavanga sirivha. Nguva kuunganidza mari chakapiwa mune 1202. Kana nguva iyi inokosha chikamu Crusader mauto aswedera guta, mari asati aunganidzwa. Musoja wakaiswa pachitsuwa Lido, vari kudivi Venice, kuitira kudzivisa zvirwere uye zvirwere. Vakarwira migove uye inopa mabasa anodiwa.

Zvisinei, apo Doge akaziva kuti hondo murayiro haakwanisi kumutsa mari inodiwa, akamira basa. Vechikamu pamusoro Hondo Wechina akatanga zvishoma diverge. Campaign paakatyisidzira kuti akundikane, saka Bonifatsiyu Monferratskomu aifanira kutaurirana Venetians ita mutengano.

Kubva panguva iyi wechina Hondo kudzokera mirayiridzo yaro. Crusader Uto chaizvoizvo varwi Venice. Chokutanga basa raiva kubatwa ari Croatian guta Zara. Yakanga pasi kudzivirira nhare yamambo Hungary, uyo achangobva vakagamuchira kutenda Kristu kwechiKristu.

Kurwisa ichi chaiva pamusoro zvose nheyo kwenzanga kuchengetedza co-vezvitendero. Kutaura zvazviri, Crusader hondo mhosva pamusoro kutenda Catholic uye Mutsvene See. Asi masoja noutsinye, hapana aikwanisa kumisa, kunyanya sezvo chinotevera chipfuro yakaronga Constantinople.

kutora Zara

Kana zvinangwa Rechina Hondo zvakachinjwa, yavakawana chete zvenyika mirayiridzo. About chero "kudzivirira kutenda" asingagoni kufamba uye kutaura, sezvo wokutanga kutora guta ava Zara, nhare muKristu munharaunda Croatia ano.

nhare ichi chaiva chete yakaenzana somukwikwidzi pamusoro Venice muMediterranean. Naizvozvo, maitiro ichi Doge vavariro vari pachena.

zhinji apo Dzorudzidziso Command akadzidza Boniface pamusoro pezvakaita chokunyora muripo kuyambuka kuAlexandria, akaramba kubatanidzwa. Vamwe kunyange zvakakuparadzanisai pachako uye kuenda Holy Land, kana akadzokera kumba.

Zvisinei, unorema vasina kurasikirwa, sezvo vakawanda masoja zvinobva murombo siyana. Chero ugororo yaiva yavo nzira chete mari. Naizvozvo, Hondo Tsvene zvaidiwa chikumbiro of Doge.

In November varwi 1202 muchinjikwa akasvika masvingo Zara. nhare ichi kurindwa nevakuru Hungarian uye DALMATIAN avarwi. Vakakwanisa kuomerera kwevhiki mbiri pamusoro uto guru, waiva yakawanda nemasoja nyanzvi uye vaikudzwa vakamborwa ehondo.

Kana guta akawa, akanga pasi zvaibiwa kwakaenderera uye mhirizhonga. Mumigwagwa vakanga yakazara nezvitunha zvavanhu. Nokuti utsinye zvakadaro, Pope muchechi kubva Chechi Dzorudzidziso. Asi mashoko aya anyudzwe iri kurira nendarama zvakabiwa. The Army akafara.

Sezvo chando akasvika, chaiyambuka Alexandria mberi kusvikira yechirimo. Pana mwedzi mitanhatu, varwi vakanga rimire Zara.

Wechina Hondo, muchidimbu kutaura, hondo yakatanga Vanotuka Pope uye akava hurongwa uto chiito dzimwe vaKristu.

Kuwa Byzantine Empire

Mushure kubatwa waZera chinangwa Rechina Hondo akabva rwezasi kusvikira kumabvazuva. Zvino, dzakawedzerwa nemashoko kuvavenga Army Chaplain "Byzantine vatengesi" raigona ichizadzika. Panguva kuomerera kuna Venetian doge flotilla haana kutumwa kuna Alexandria, yaiva asisiri kunakidza kune Dzorudzidziso, uye muna Constantinople.

Maererano zvitupa, uto akaputirwa guru Byzantium, kubatsira mambo Alexis Angel. baba vake, Isaka, akanga rinoputswa imwe akabvuta chigaro uye mujeri mugomba. Kutaura zvazviri, mune chiitiko ichi zvakanyatsobatana zvido vatongi vose European.

4 makrusedhi nguva dzose Chinangwa chaiva kuwedzera simba yeKaturike iri kumabvazuva. Kana Palestine zvikasashanda, ipapo mukana wechipiri Roma raiva accession echiGiriki Orthodox Church. In mashoko, zvose vachiramba Innocent III akasimudzira zvakasimba kutevedzana musi Constantinople.

French uye German namakurukota, uyewo Zimbabwe Venice vaivawo maonero upfumi Byzantine Empire. Masoja munhuwo, izvo vakakuchidzira kunoda kuti kutsiva pamusoro vatengesi, zvazova chishandiso vaya simba.

Apo mauto pedyo neguta, pane rinondinetsa simba. Alex, uyo akanga avimbisa mubayiro kuna Dzorudzidziso kuti kugadzwa kwake, akava nokutya uye akaedza kutiza. Panzvimbo payo vanhu vanosunungurwa uye mambo akanga apiwa akaparidza Isaka. Asi Knights aisada kurasikirwa mari sechibayiro, yakawanikwa uye korona Alexis. Saka muna Constantinople vaiva zviviri mambo panguva iyoyowo.

Nokuda ezvinhu akaoma uye yakakwirira yesosaiti rokumukira rakatanga. Kudzvinyirira Dzorudzidziso vakapinda muguta. Asi anochengetedza runyararo oparesheni kuti chinonetsa kuzodana. Constantinople akanga dzichapambwa uye kupiswa.

Migumisiro kuwa Constantinople

Zvinofadza kuti vechikamu 4 kushingirira aronga uye akaparadzanisa Byzantine Empire kunyange Zara. Kutaura zvazviri, kudana Alexei Angela akava godsend nokuda kubviswa noruzhinji, uye vatongi dzimwe nyika.

Vatora Hurumende yakaronga kuti muzvikamu zvina. Mumwe akagamuchira akadanidzira mambo pakati vairwa muhondo dzemachechi. The vatatu vasara vakakamurwa pakati Venice uye French Knights. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti chikamu chinoti mativi akasaina chibvumirano inotevera. Mumiriri mumwe webato anogamuchira Kesari choushe, uye mumwe - bhishopi of tiaara. Mutongo chepasi wevasungwa rokunyika uye zvokunamata simba mumaoko chete.

Venice ari weboka umambo vakaratidza manomano uye vaishandisa kubatsirwa nzvimbo Dzorudzidziso zvakanaka. Zviri nepagungwa rudzi vakanochengeta vakapfuma uye zvinovimbisa zvikuru kumahombekombe enyika.

Saka, ndiwo kubatwa weConstantinople ne 4 kushingirira aitarisira. Zvakabuda kwedanidziro iyi vachaparadzwa zvakaziviswa pamusoro.

Migumisiro kushingirira

Taura nezvemigumisiro kwemauto ichi chirongwa vanofanira kutanga kuchinja vatora nzvimbo pamusoro political map Ages Europe. It vakakundwa uye havasisipo hafu yezana remakore rimwe akasimba umambo dzechiKristu.

Vechikamu of Rechina Hondo Byzantium akakamura nyika anoverengeka anoti.

Zviitiko chakaratidza kutanga vanonzi "munguva frankokratia", izvo tichakurukura pazasi.

Kunyange zvazvo zvichikosha kuona chimwe chinhu. Zvinangwa kunge inini nokuchinja kukuru muupenyu wechina Hondo. Mugumisiro rinoratidza yakadzika dambudziko European rutsigiro rwemauto zvakafanana. Zvino pamusoro chero kudzivirira kutenda, kubatsira vaKristu kuMabvazuva aisagona kufamba uye kutaura. Sezvo Dzorudzidziso makore maviri akakwanisa kuparadza Empire Christian.

The chikuru mugumisiro emauto ichi chirongwa inotungamirwa Venetian vatengesi vakava chiKristu rwakakamukana muEast uye West. Uyezve vasingawirirani panyaya mumwe.

zvakazoitika Vose nematatu uye namana emakore kunoratidza kungobva Holy See paaida kushandisa tsika mishandirapamwe kumabvazuva kuti kusimbisa simba rake.

frankokratia

Sezvo yapfuura isu akati, kereke yakanga muchechi rese ose Rechina Hondo. Mhinduro yakapiwa mhosva hapana aida, saka munharaunda yacho Byzantine Empire vari kuumbwa chete muzvinhu zvenyika.

The Holy See anogutsikana kuwa uye kwenguva incapacity echiGiriki Orthodox Church.

Chii inoti vakasikwa Byzantium?

Mundima zvamaimbova yechiKristu rikakamurwa Epirus Despotate uye zvitatu umambo - Latin, Nicene, uye Trebizond. fuma Ndivo kupfuura zvimwe uye yakachengeteka pane mamiriro Hondo Tsvene kuMiddle East. Zvikonzero izvi zvaiva anoverengeka.

Chekutanga, vakanga diki munharaunda yakakura, saka vaikwanisa kupona ari kunharaunda "infidels" Hurumende. Kwavabati Dzorudzidziso chete muna Levant vaingonyepedzera akaomerwa Seljuk wave.

Umambo utariri hurongwa kwaibva nenhungamiro Western zvemisoro European. Petty feudal madzishe mumunda aigona kupa mukuru kudzivirira pasi pane kumira hondo huru, chaimbogara muna Constantinople.

Ngatimbotaura zvakawanda pamusoro rekuUnited States.

Empire reNicaea yakatora mashanu namanomwe. vabati varo tichionekwa pachavo sezvo zvakananga vazukuru Byzantine Empire. Yaakasimbisa mamiriro ichi Fedor Laskaris, mumwe mukuru wechiGiriki vakatiza Constantinople. Akakwanisa kuumba nyika pamusoro mumatongo hwacho, uyewo kudzivirira payo kubatana pakati vokuBulgaria kubva Seljuks uye Latins.

Trebizond Empire akava wakarebesa dzidzo munzvimbo iyi. It anenge mazana maviri namakumi mashanu makore yakatora. mitemo makasimbiswa uye wake dzinza Comnenus. kuti madzimambo Byzantine mhando iyi uyo akatonga pamberi Angels. Gare gare, vakadzingwa uye vakagara munzvimbo yaimbova rweRoma chePondasi. Pano hama mari, vokuGeorgia Queen Tamara, Comneni kutenga uridzi. Pava paya, Empire pamusoro Trebizond akasikwa munzvimbo.

Despotate pamusoro Epirus aiva anonakidza chinoshamisa munhau. Rakavakwa Mihail Komnin Duka. Greek ichi pakutanga akatsigira Boniface muna Constantinople. Kana akatumwa kuwana midzi Epirus, apo anova mutongi kwakakwana uye rinozivisa pacharo kuti mutsivi Byzantine Empire. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti panguva yake akamuti "Greek Noa," izvo akaponesa Orthodox kubva muchiLatin mafashamo.

Wokupedzisira pane yatakanyora pasi ndiye Empire Latin. Iye, kufanana reNicaea, rwakatora makumi mashanu nemanomwe chete kwemakore. Both inoti havasisipo pashure kudzoka Constantinople nokuda Byzantines muna 1261.

Ndivo nemigumisiro zvakatsausa iri Rechina Hondo. Mugumisiro muchiuto uchinzvera yakadaro kumbenge zvose, zvose weboka Europe kupinda kumabvazuva nokumavirira.

Monferrato - mutungamiri Rechina Hondo

Pakuvamba, isu akarongwa vamwe vechikamu 4 kushingirira. Vakawanda vavo vakagamuchira lennye nhaka Latin Empire. Asi ikozvino tichakurukura mutungamiri uto danidziro 1202 - 1204 makore.

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kutanga kuzodana Pope akapindura Count French Thibaud. Asi nokukurumidza anofa, uye vairwa muhondo dzemachechi inotungamirirwa Boniface, imwe yomuchinda wokuItaly.

By mavambo, aiva Margrave pamusoro Montferrat. Madzimambo vaiitawo muhondo kuzorwa Lombard League uye Sisiri. Kubvira nguva ari kuwana kuzivikanwa pakati Dzorudzidziso sechinhu ruzivo wavarwi.

At Soissons muna 1201, akanga akaparidza oga mutungamiri Rechina Hondo. Panguva iyi, iye kufukidzwa Doge pamusoro Venice, uine vatongi European kuti vari kukonzera utsinye hwose huri havasi vairwa muhondo dzemachechi, uye Enrico Dandolo.

Zvisinei, mushure kubatwa weConstantinople, akabvunza kuti ave mambo. Asi haana kutsigira vechikamu 4 kushingirira. Byzantines zvairatidza kunaka. Havana kuda kubatsira kukwidziridzwa Monferrato. Naizvozvo Boniface akapa vaiva Thessaloniki uye chitsuwa cheKrete.

Auraya mubati mamiriro yevaTesaronika iri kurwisana Bulgaria, pedyo Rhodopes. nyika yake yakanga aripo kwemakore makumi maviri.

Saka, munyaya ino tichataura kudzidza prerequisites uye migumisiro nzira Zviitiko Rechina Hondo. Uye akasangana nevamwe yayo vakakurumbira nhengo.